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. 2022 May 20;31(9):1207–1212. doi: 10.1007/s10068-022-01094-z

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Orexin as a master switch of orchestrated sympathetic response and thermoregulation. HR heart rate; BMR basal metabolic rate; VO2 oxygen consumption; BP blood pressure. Via the sympathetic nervous system, caffeine ingestion and thermotherapy can activate hypothalamus defense area to release orexin and skeletal muscle to initiate irisin response. Orexin is thought to be involved in the sympathetic pathway