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. 2022 May 9;8(5):500–512. doi: 10.1038/s41477-022-01146-6

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, Biosynthetic pathways of lignin, flavonoids, stilbene, styrylpyrone and alsophilin. The metabolites shaded in green are identified in our metabolomic characterizations. The metabolites shaded in blue are products in the enzyme assays. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase; HCT, p-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate shikimate p-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase; CCR, cinnamoyl CoA reductase; C3H, 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; CSE, caffeoyl shikimate esterase; COMT, caffeic acid/5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-methyltransferase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase. b, Heat map showing gene expression profiles of monolignol biosynthetic pathway genes in xylem, phloem, sclerenchymatic belt, pith, sorus stage 1 and leaf stage 1. Genes highlighted in red and pink are significantly upregulated in xylem and sorus, respectively, and genes highlighted in blue are significantly upregulated in both xylem and sorus. c, Relative content of alsophilin, piceatannol, hispidin and resveratrol in leaf, xylem, phloem, pith and sclerenchymatic belt of A. spinulosa, determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS). The asterisks indicate the significance (***P < 0.001, two-sided Student’s t-test) of alsophilin content in Xy compared with the other four tissues. The values are the means ± s.d. of three independent experiments. d, Heat map showing the gene profiles of 17 oxidase genes upregulated in xylem. The FPKM values were normalized using the Z-score method. So1, sorus stage 1; Le1, leaf stage 1.

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