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. 2022 May 9;8(5):500–512. doi: 10.1038/s41477-022-01146-6

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Geographic distribution of 107 A. spinulosa individuals in nine locations, including Yunnan (YN), Nepal, Xizang (XZ), Fujian (FJ), Taiwan (TW), Hainan (HN), Guangxi (GX), Sichuan (SC) and Guizhou (GZ), with A. costularis in YN as an outgroup (Out). b, A phylogenetic tree of 107 accessions constructed using the whole-genome SNPs. All accessions were clustered into six groups: YN, XZ, Nepal, FJ/TW, HN and GX/SC/GZ. The sizes of the dots on the nodes are proportional to bootstrap support values. c, PCA, with the proportion of the variance explained being 85.8% for PC1, 13.2% for PC2 and 12.4% for PC3. The dots are coloured corresponding to the colours in b. d, Cross-validation error shows that K = 6 is the optimal population clustering group. The structures are coloured corresponding to the colours used in b. e, Demographic history of A. spinulosa. The stairway plot shows the historical effective population size N_e (y axis) with a generation time of 100 years. The blue and red shadows represent two bottlenecks. The red line represents median of effective population size based on a subset of 200 inferences. Dark gray and light gray lines represent 75% and 95% confidence intervals, respectively.