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. 2022 Feb 5;16(6):1512–1522. doi: 10.1038/s41396-022-01198-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A–C Example model realisations for different founder densities. All plots show the system’s initial conditions ( $t = 0$ ) and the outcomes after 25 time units. Plots visualising the systems’ states at $t = 0$ show a blow-up of the subdomain $Ω_{0}$ ; plots visualising outcomes at $t = 25$ show the full computational domain $Ω$ (black background). The scalebars are seven unit lengths long. A The outcome of simulations initialised with piecewise spatially homogeneous populations representing high founder density. The ‘Merged’ image channel shows both strains (grey colour corresponds to overlap); the $B_{1}$ (green) and $B_{2}$ (magenta) channels only show single strain filters of the plot. B The range of outcomes observed for low founder density (number of initial cell patches $N = 6$ ). C The range of outcomes for intermediate founder densities ( $N = 824$ ). In (B, C) only the ‘Merged’ channel is shown. D Variability in competitive outcome increases with decreasing founder density. Each boxplot contains data from 1000 model realisations. Blue and red boxplots correspond to the founder densities in B and C, respectively.