Table 4.

Kinetic model parameters of the biosorption of Cu²⁺ ions onto R. damascena.

Parameters		Values
Experimental data	qe (exp.) (mg/g)	17.1
Pseudo-first order	qe (cal.) (mg/g)	13.4
	k1 (min−1)	0.029
	∆qe	23.3
	X2	1.02
	R2	0.980
Pseudo-second order	qe (cal.) (mg/g)	18.6
	k2 (g/mg min)	0.005
	h (g/mg min)	1.55
	∆qe	12.25
	X2	0.12
	R2	0.983
Elovich	α (g/mg min)	1.30
	β (g/mg)	0.303
	∆qe	3.53
	X2	0.192
	R2	0.971
Intra-particle diffusion	Ki (mg/g min0.5)	0.22
	Ci (mg/g)	6.25
	R2	0.801
Film diffusion	Df	0.001
	R2	0.821