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. 2022 May 20;12:8580. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12206-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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D-galactose-induced aging aggravated bone inflammation in the obese-insulin resistant condition. (a) TNF-α mRNA expression in bone tissues at the indicated time points, (b) IL-1 β mRNA expression in bone tissues at the indicated time points, (c) IL-6 mRNA expression in bone tissues at the indicated time points. Bar graphs are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5–6/group). * p < 0.05 versus NDV at the same time point, † p < 0.05 versus NDD at the same time point, ‡ p < 0.05 versus HFV at the same time point, # p < 0.05 versus same group at the different time point. HFDD, high-fat diet with D-galactose; HFV, high-fat diet with vehicle; IL-1 β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; NDD, normal diet with D-galactose; NDV, normal diet with vehicle: TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha.