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. 2022 May 20;12:8580. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12206-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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D-galactose-induced senescence and hyperinsulinism-stimulated insulin resistance accelerated RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells. (a) % cell viability of RAW 264.7 belonging to four treatment group, (b) Number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells which presented more than three nuclei indicated a mature osteoclast. (c) TRAP positive staining of RANKL-stimulated multinucleated osteoclasts with the treatments of control, 5 mg/mL D-galactose, 100 nM insulin and the combined treatment (20 × magnification). Bar graphs presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6/group).* p < 0.05 versus control group. D-gal, D-galactose; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.