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. 2022 May 21;7:166. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01007-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Positively charged lipids in mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles. The most widely used carrier of mRNA preparations is LNPs. Positively charged lipids play a vital role in LNPs because LNPs encapsulate mRNA through electrostatic adsorption between lipids and mRNA. These lipids can be classified into cationic lipids and ionizable lipids according to the generation of a positive charge. Furthermore, ionizable lipids can be divided into single-charged lipids and multicharged lipids. Here, we listed the representative lipids used in LNPs, including DOTMA, DOTAP, DSTAP, DMTAP, DDA, DOBAQ, DC-Chol,^8,171 DLin-MC3-DMA,⁵⁴⁰ SM-102,⁶⁷ A6,¹⁶³ ALC-0315,⁵⁴¹ and Lipid 5.¹⁵¹ Multicharged lipids in LNPs include C12-200,⁵¹² 5A2-SC8,¹⁶⁶ cKK-E12,⁵⁴² G0-C14,¹⁵¹ OF-2,¹⁵⁷ 306Oi10,¹⁵⁴ OF-Deg-Lin,¹⁵⁸ 92-O17S,¹⁶⁰ OF-C4-Deg-Lin,⁵⁴³ A18-Iso5-2DC18,¹⁶⁵ TT3,⁵⁴⁴ BAMEA-O16B,⁵⁴⁵ FTT5,⁵⁴⁶ Vc-Lipid,⁵⁴⁶ C14-4,¹⁶¹ Lipid 14,²⁸⁷ 4A3-Cit,⁵⁴⁷ and ssPalmO-Phe⁵⁴⁸