Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Location | Sample size | Average age | Fracture site | Interventions | Control | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tang YF 2020 [15] | China | 66 | 20–56 | Tibia | PRP + BMA | BMA | 16–36 Months |
| Marion Mühldorfer-Fodor 2020 [16] | Germany | 68 | 29(16–60) | Scaphoid | EWST+ACB | ACB | 24 Weeks |
| Ahmad I 2020 [17] | Pakistan | 101 | 31.46 ± 13.9 | Tibia (major) | PROTELOS | CONTROL | 3 Months |
| Samuel G 2018 [18] | Indian | 40 | 34.3 ± 9.49;39.35 ± 10.39 | Tibia (major) | PRP | CONTROL | 36 Weeks |
| Carlos AO 2017 [19] | Germany | 16 | 37.14 ± 10.22;38.88 ± 15.36 | Humerus | PRP + ACB | ACB | 36 Weeks |
| Hernigou P 2017 [20] | France | 80 | 41.2 ± 18.2 | Tibia | BMA + ACB | ACB | 7.6 (5–10) Years |
| Zhang S 2017 [21] | China | 47 | 38.29 ± 7.49;36.57 ± 8.31 | Tibia (major) | PRP + BMA | BMA | 9–15 Months |
| Zhao ZC 2017 [22] | China | 92 | 18–70 | Femur | PRP | CONTROL | 12 Months |
| Ghaffarpasand F 2016 [23] | Iran | 75 | 26.5 ± 5.8;26.3 ± 6.2 | Femur, Tibia | PRP | CONTROL | 12 Months |
| Zhang H 2016 [24] | China | 24 | 33.45;32.69 | Tibia | BMA | CONTROL | 12–34 Months |
| Streit A 2016 [25] | USA | 8 | 47(24–63) | Fifth metatarsal | EMF | CONTROL | 24 Weeks |
| Christian von Ruden 2016 [26] | Germany | 49 | 44(19–77) | Ulnar, Radial | BMP + ACB | ACB | 6 Months |
| Zhai L 2016 [27] | China | 63 | 39.6(23–50);38.1(20–49) | Femur, Tibia | BMA + ESWT | ESWT | 12 Months |
| Shi HF 2013 [28] | China | 58 | 41.1 ± 14.5;38.4 ± 11.6 | Femur, Tibia | EMF | CONTROL | 3 Months |
| Huang ZJ 2011 [29] | China | 64 | 47.3 ± 22.2 | Ulna or radius (major) | CTM | CONTROL | 3 Months |
| Schofer MD 2010 [30] | USA | 101 | 42.6 ± 14.6;45.1 ± 11.9 | Tibia | LIUS | CONTROL | 16 Weeks |
| Yuan JG 2010 [31] | China | 140 | 34 ± 2 | Humerus, Tibia | BMA | ACB | 3 Months |
| Sun YP 2009 [32] | China | 40 | 43 ± 6 | Tibia (major) | BMP + ACB | ACB | 11–20 Months |
| Angelo Cacchio 2009 [33] | Italy | 126 | 42.7 ± 5.9 | Tibia Femur | ESWT | CONTROL | 24 Months |
| Rutten S 2008 [34] | Netherlands | 13 | 42–63 | Fibula | LIUS | CONTROL | 3 Months |
| G.M Calori 2008 [35] | Italy | 120 | 43(19–65) | Humerus, Tibia (major) | BMP | PRP | 9 Months |
| Bilic R 2006 [36] | Croatia | 18 | 23 ± 5;22 ± 5;19 ± 4 | Scaphoid | BMP + ACB | ACB | 24 Months |
| Ricardo M 2006 [37] | France | 21 | 26.7(17–42) | Scaphoid | LIUS | CONTROL | 1–4 Years |
| Calori GM 2006 [38] | Italy | 29 | 47 ± 2.56;35.3 ± 1.76 | Femur, Tibia | BMP | PRP | 9 Months |
| Simonis RB 2002 [39] | UK | 34 | 32(16–61) | Tibia | EMF | CONTROL | 6 Months |
| Friedlaender GE 2001 [40] | USA | 122 | 38 ± 16;34 ± 11 | Tibia | BMP + ACB | ACB | 24 Months |
| Cook SD 1999 [41] | USA | 30 | na | Tibia | BMP | ACB | 9 Months |
| Scott G 1994 [42] | UK | 23 | 43(23–87) | Femur, Tibia | EMF | CONTROL | 6 Months |
| Sharrard WJW 1990 [43] | UK | 51 | 34.7(18–84);45.4(18–76) | Tibia | EMF | CONTROL | 12 Weeks |
| Barker AT 1984 [44] | UK | 17 | 34(19–72) | Tibia | EMF | CONTROL | 48 Weeks |
Abbreviations: ACB autologous cancellous bone, BMA bone marrow aspirate, BMP bone morphogenetic protein, CTM Chinese traditional medicine, EMF electromagnetic field, ESWT extracorporeal shock wave, LIUS low-intensity pulsed ultrasonography, PROTELOS strontium ranelate, PRP platelet-rich plasma