Table 2.
Quantitative scales score pre (baseline) and post (follow-up) cognitive behavioral therapy intervention
| Scales | T2DM mean at baseline | T2DM mean at follow-up | t(26) | P-value | Max score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMRC self-efficacy | 10 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 7.21 | 7.10 | 0.26 | 0.80 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 7.34 | 7.43 | − 0.16 | 0.88 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 6.94 | 6.77 | 0.47 | 0.65 | |
| DDS total | 6 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 2.46 | 1.95 | 2.62 | 0.02* | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 2.35 | 1.74 | 1.98 | 0.09 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 2.57 | 2.15 | 1.60 | 0.16 | |
| DDS emotional burden | 6 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 2.94 | 2.28 | 2.59 | 0.02* | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 3.00 | 2.00 | 2.66 | 0.04* | |
| Online (n = 7) | 2.89 | 2.56 | 1.00 | 0.35 | |
| DDS physician distress | 6 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 1.70 | 1.14 | 1.80 | 0.09 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 1.39 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 0.31 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 2.00 | 1.21 | 1.42 | 0.21 | |
| DDS regimen distress | 6 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 3.11 | 2.55 | 2.6 | 0.02* | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 2.71 | 2.11 | 1.47 | 0.19 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 3.51 | 2.99 | 2.80 | 0.03* | |
| DDS interpersonal distress | 6 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 1.66 | 1.38 | 1.03 | 0.32 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 2.00 | 1.33 | 1.92 | 0.10 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 1.33 | 1.43 | − 0.25 | 0.81 | |
| GAD-7 | 21 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 6.36 | 4.21 | 2.22 | 0.04* | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 7.14 | 6.00 | 0.80 | 0.45 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 5.57 | 2.43 | 2.42 | 0.05 | |
| PHQ-9 | 27 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 6.64 | 6.36 | 0.26 | 0.80 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 7.29 | 7.71 | − 0.35 | 0.74 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 6.00 | 5.00 | 0.52 | 0.62 | |
| PSS | 40 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 15.14 | 14.5 | 0.32 | 0.76 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 13.29 | 15.43 | − 1.37 | 0.22 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 17.00 | 13.57 | 0.95 | 0.38 | |
| RAND 36-physical functioning | 100 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 62.14 | 66.43 | − 0.90 | 0.39 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 53.57 | 60.00 | − 1.19 | 0.28 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 70.71 | 72.86 | − 0.26 | 0.80 | |
| RAND 36-physical problems limitations | 100 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 58.93 | 61.61 | − 0.28 | 0.79 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 42.86 | 57.14 | − 0.88 | 0.41 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 75.00 | 66.07 | 0.92 | 0.39 | |
| RAND 36-emotional problem limitations | 100 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 69.05 | 61.91 | 0.67 | 0.51 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 66.66 | 57.14 | 0.79 | 0.46 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 71.43 | 66.67 | 0.26 | 0.80 | |
| RAND 36-energy/fatigue | 100 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 47.14 | 52.86 | − 0.99 | 0.34 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 45.71 | 58.57 | − 1.44 | 0.20 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 48.57 | 66.67 | 0.21 | 0.84 | |
| RAND 36-emotional wellness | 100 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 74.00 | 74.29 | − 0.08 | 0.94 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 77.71 | 74.86 | 0.55 | 0.60 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 70.29 | 73.71 | − 0.66 | 0.53 | |
| RAND 36-social functioning | 100 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 61.61 | 75.00 | − 2.03 | 0.06 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 50.00 | 69.64 | − 1.66 | 0.15 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 73.21 | 80.36 | − 1.19 | 0.28 | |
| RAND 36-pain | 100 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 51.07 | 70.00 | − 3.78 | < 0.01* | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 39.29 | 64.29 | − 3.43 | 0.01* | |
| Online (n = 7) | 62.86 | 75.71 | − 1.95 | 0.10 | |
| RAND 36-general health | 100 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 55 | 55.71 | − 0.13 | 0.90 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 52.86 | 55.71 | − 0.30 | 0.77 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 57.14 | 55.71 | 0.25 | 0.81 | |
| MOCA | 30 | ||||
| All participants (n = 14) | 25.29 | 26.21 | − 1.34 | 0.20 | |
| In-person (n = 7) | 25.14 | 25.71 | − 0.55 | 0.60 | |
| Online (n = 7) | 25.43 | 26.71 | − 1.33 | 0.23 | |
| HbA1c | |||||
| All participants | 10.0% | 8.9% | 0.5 | 0.06 | |
*Statistically significant difference indicated by a p-value less than 0.05