Table 4.
Associations between food insecurity with socioeconomic variables during the COVID −19 pandemic
| Outcome: Food insecurity | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m-logit | ||||||||||||||||
| FS | Mild FI | Moderate FI | Severe FI | |||||||||||||
| AME | SE | CI | p-value | AME | SE | CI | p-value | AME | SE | CI | p-value | AME | SE | CI | p-value | |
| Socioeconomic status (ref: E) | ||||||||||||||||
| D | 0.079** | 0.023 | (0.034, 0.125) | 0.001 | 0.061+ | 0.032 | (−0.001, 0.123) | 0.053 | −0.093** | 0.030 | (−0.151, − 0.035) | 0.002 | − 0.048+ | 0.025 | (− 0.097, 0.001) | 0.055 |
| C | 0.307** | 0.024 | (0.260, 0.355) | < 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.032 | (−0.022, 0.102) | 0.208 | −0.192** | 0.029 | (−0.249, − 0.135) | < 0.001 | − 0.155** | 0.024 |
(− 0.202, − 0.108) |
< 0.001 |
| A/B | 0.536** | 0.034 | (0.470, 0.603) | < 0.001 | −0.071+ | 0.039 | (−0.148, 0.005) | 0.067 | −0.267** | 0.030 | (−0.326, − 0.208) | < 0.001 | − 0.198** | 0.024 |
− 0.244, − 0.151) |
< 0.001 |
| Age | 0.001** | 0.000 | (0.000, 0.002) | 0.002 | −0.001+ | 0.001 | (−0.002, 0.000) | 0.084 | 0.000 | 0.000 | (−0.001, 0.001) | 0.893 | 0.000 | 0.000 | (−0.001, 0.000) | 0.342 |
| Sex (ref: male) | ||||||||||||||||
| Female | −0.069** | 0.013 |
(−0.095, − 0.043) |
< 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.016 | (−0.020, 0.042) | 0.477 | 0.018 | 0.013 | (−0.007, 0.042) | 0.157 | 0.04** | 0.010 | (0.019, 0.060) | < 0.001 |
| Households with children (ref: no) | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | −0.034* | 0.015 |
(−0.064, − 0.004) |
0.026 | 0 .000 | 0.018 | (−0.036, 0.035) | 0.996 | 0.03* | 0.015 | (0.001, 0.059) | 0.044 | 0.004 | 0.012 | (−0.020, 0.028) | 0.738 |
| Month (ref: April) | ||||||||||||||||
| May | −0.046+ | 0.025 | (−0.095, 0.004) | 0.070 | 0.082** | 0.029 | (0.026, 0.138) | 0.004 | −0.051* | 0.022 | (−0.093, − 0.009) | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.019 | (−0.023, 0.053) | 0.441 |
| June | −0.105** | 0.021 |
(−0.146, − 0.064) |
< 0.001 | 0.073** | 0.023 | (0.027, 0.118) | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.019 | (−0.018, 0.055) | 0.332 | 0.014 | 0.015 | (−0.015, 0.044) | 0.340 |
| July | −0.135** | 0.021 |
(−0.177, − 0.094) |
< 0.001 | 0.122** | 0.024 | (0.075, 0.168) | < 0.001 | −0.004 | 0.019 | (−0.042, 0.033) | 0.814 | 0.018 | 0.016 | (−0.013, 0.049) | 0.249 |
| August | −0.128** | 0.021 |
(−0.169, − 0.087) |
< 0.001 | 0.101** | 0.023 | (0.055, 0.147) | < 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.019 | (−0.023, 0.051) | 0.467 | 0.013 | 0.015 | (−0.017, 0.043) | 0.405 |
| Household size | −0.029** | 0.004 |
(−0.037, − 0.021) |
< 0.001 | 0.013** | 0.004 | (0.005, 0.021) | 0.002 | 0.007* | 0.003 | (0.000, 0.013) | 0.038 | 0.009** | 0.003 | (0.004, 0.014) | < 0.001 |
AME Average marginal effect, SE Standard error, CI Confidence intervals, FS Food secure, FI Food insecure
** = significant at 1%; * = significant at 5%; + = significant at 10%