Table 1.
Distribution of demographic factors and energy-adjusted dietary carotenoids compounds intake among cases and controls
| Case Group | Control Group | P* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | ||
| Age (years) a | 440 | 30.88 | 5.03 | 440 | 31.03 | 4.85 | 0.11 |
| Pregnant age (weeks) a | 440 | 34.17 | 2.90 | 440 | 34.24 | 2.67 | 0.07 |
| SBP (mmHg) a | 440 | 153.78 | 16.71 | 440 | 113.17 | 10.42 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) a | 440 | 100.21 | 12.33 | 440 | 72.84 | 8.98 | < 0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) a | 440 | 23.67 | 3.89 | 440 | 22.35 | 3.35 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET- h/d) b | 440 | 26.17 | 4.47 | 440 | 25.35 | 5.15 | 0.03 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) b | 440 | 1747.21 | 622.83 | 440 | 1866.97 | 595.38 | 0.006 |
| District c | 0.864 | ||||||
| Zhengzhou | 85 | 19.3 | 88 | 20.0 | |||
| Others | 355 | 80.7 | 352 | 80.0 | |||
| Educational level (%) c | 0.01 | ||||||
| Junior high school and below | 207 | 47.0 | 165 | 37.5 | |||
| Senior high school | 75 | 17.0 | 83 | 18.9 | |||
| Undergraduate and above | 158 | 36.0 | 192 | 43.6 | |||
| Income level (yuan/month) (%) c | 0.15 | ||||||
| < 3000 | 185 | 42.0 | 166 | 37.7 | |||
| 3000 – 6000 | 194 | 44.1 | 193 | 43.9 | |||
| > 6000 | 61 | 13.9 | 81 | 18.4 | |||
| Family hypertension history (%) c | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 159 | 36.1 | 82 | 18.6 | |||
| No | 281 | 63.9 | 358 | 81.4 | |||
| Weight-gain during pregnancy (kg) (%) c | < 0.001 | ||||||
| < 15 | 179 | 40.7 | 292 | 66.4 | |||
| 15–20 | 142 | 32.3 | 122 | 27.7 | |||
| > 20 | 119 | 27.0 | 26 | 5.9 | |||
| Passive smoking (%) c | 0.49 | ||||||
| Yes | 67 | 15.2 | 59 | 13.4 | |||
| No | 373 | 84.8 | 381 | 86.6 | |||
| Gravidity (%) c | 0.005 | ||||||
| 1 | 116 | 26.4 | 79 | 18.0 | |||
| 2 | 112 | 25.5 | 105 | 23.9 | |||
| ≥ 3 | 212 | 48.1 | 256 | 58.1 | |||
| Parity (%) c | 0.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 185 | 42.0 | 136 | 30.9 | |||
| 1–2 | 249 | 56.6 | 286 | 65.0 | |||
| ≥ 3 | 6 | 1.4 | 18 | 4.1 | |||
| Total carotenoids intake (μg/d) b | 440 | 14,532.38 | 8108.91 | 440 | 17,088.73 | 9849.94 | < 0.001 |
| α-carotene intake (μg/d) b | 440 | 815.59 | 750.47 | 440 | 920.02 | 908.30 | 0.006 |
| β-carotene intake (μg/d) b | 440 | 6138.40 | 3474.44 | 440 | 7188.93 | 4422.15 | < 0.001 |
| β-cryptoxanthin intake (μg/d) b | 440 | 86.75 | 71.94 | 440 | 101.07 | 102.00 | < 0.001 |
| Lycopene intake (μg/d) b | 440 | 2178.33 | 2377.52 | 440 | 2931.10 | 3566.79 | < 0.001 |
| Lut-zea intake (μg/d) b | 440 | 4418.76 | 3372.54 | 440 | 5069.52 | 3386.23 | < 0.001 |
SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, BMI Body mass index, MET Metabolic equivalent task, Lut-zea Lutein and zeaxanthin
a Described as means and SDs. b Described as medians and IQRs. c Described as numbers and percentages
*Paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test was used to analyse quantitative variables and McNemar’s test was used to analyse qualitative variables