Table 2.
Distribution of demographic factors and dietary intake of food groups rich in carotenoids and nutrients according to quartiles of the energy-adjusted consumption of total carotenoids
| Total carotenoids (mg/d) | P* | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (< 11.88 mg/d) | Q2 (11.88–15.98 mg/d) | Q3 (15.99–20.78 mg/d) | Q4 (> 20.78 mg/d) | ||||||||||
| n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | ||
| Age (years) a | 220 | 30.2 | 5.01 | 220 | 30.6 | 4.93 | 220 | 30.99 | 4.95 | 220 | 32.04 | 4.69 | 0.001 |
| Pregnant age (weeks) a | 220 | 34.20 | 2.84 | 220 | 34.33 | 2.77 | 220 | 33.96 | 2.74 | 220 | 34.33 | 2.80 | 0.47 |
| SBP (mmHg) a | 220 | 136.47 | 24.55 | 220 | 135.09 | 24.43 | 220 | 133.18 | 25.44 | 220 | 129.26 | 23.88 | 0.02 |
| DBP (mmHg) a | 220 | 87.76 | 16.69 | 220 | 87.45 | 17.32 | 220 | 87.15 | 18.32 | 220 | 83.73 | 17.29 | 0.06 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)a | 220 | 23.27 | 3.72 | 220 | 22.47 | 3.53 | 220 | 23.11 | 3.84 | 220 | 23.18 | 3.63 | 0.09 |
| Physical activity (MET- h/d)a | 220 | 26.49 | 4.21 | 220 | 26.95 | 4.30 | 220 | 27.00 | 4.25 | 220 | 26.65 | 4.14 | 0.52 |
| District (%)b | 0.366 | ||||||||||||
| Zhengzhou | 50 | 18.9 | 43 | 18.8 | 40 | 19.0 | 40 | 22.9 | |||||
| Others | 215 | 81.1 | 186 | 81.2 | 171 | 81.0 | 135 | 77.1 | |||||
| Educational level (%)b | 0.15 | 0.15 | |||||||||||
| Junior high school and below | 106 | 48.2 | 92 | 41.8 | 86 | 39.1 | 87 | 39.5 | |||||
| Senior high school | 45 | 20.5 | 38 | 17.3 | 36 | 16.4 | 40 | 18.2 | |||||
| Undergraduate and above | 69 | 31.3 | 90 | 40.9 | 98 | 44.5 | 93 | 42.3 | |||||
| Income level (yuan/month) (%) b | 0.34 | ||||||||||||
| < 3000 | 96 | 43.6 | 83 | 37.7 | 76 | 34.5 | 81 | 36.8 | |||||
| 3000 – 6000 | 90 | 40.9 | 90 | 40.9 | 92 | 41.8 | 90 | 40.9 | |||||
| > 6000 | 34 | 15.5 | 47 | 21.4 | 52 | 23.6 | 49 | 22.3 | |||||
| Family hypertension history (%) b | 0.57 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 60 | 27.3 | 61 | 27.7 | 69 | 31.4 | 56 | 25.5 | |||||
| No | 160 | 72.7 | 159 | 72.3 | 151 | 68.6 | 164 | 74.5 | |||||
| Weight-gain during pregnancy (kg) (%) b | 0.09 | ||||||||||||
| < 15 | 112 | 50.9 | 109 | 49.5 | 120 | 54.5 | 130 | 59.1 | |||||
| 15–20 | 62 | 28.2 | 75 | 34.1 | 61 | 27.7 | 66 | 30.0 | |||||
| > 20 | 46 | 20.9 | 36 | 16.4 | 39 | 17.7 | 24 | 10.9 | |||||
| Passive smoking (%) b | 0.43 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 126 | 57.3 | 117 | 53.2 | 110 | 50.0 | 112 | 50.9 | |||||
| No | 94 | 42.7 | 103 | 46.8 | 110 | 50 | 108 | 49.1 | |||||
| Gravidity (%) b | 0.09 | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 57 | 25.9 | 56 | 25.5 | 48 | 21.8 | 34 | 15.5 | |||||
| 2 | 50 | 22.7 | 48 | 21.8 | 62 | 28.2 | 57 | 25.9 | |||||
| ≥ 3 | 113 | 51.4 | 116 | 52.7 | 110 | 50.0 | 129 | 58.6 | |||||
| Parity (%) b | 0.32 | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 88 | 40.0 | 85 | 38.6 | 83 | 37.7 | 67 | 30.5 | |||||
| 1–2 | 126 | 57.3 | 128 | 58.2 | 134 | 60.9 | 146 | 66.4 | |||||
| ≥ 3 | 6 | 2.7 | 7 | 3.2 | 3 | 1.4 | 7 | 3.2 | |||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) c | 220 | 464.37 | 220 | 430.56 | 220 | 408.45 | 220 | 458.62 | 0.08 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary vegetables intake (g/d) c | 220 | 201.04 | 220 | 394.41 | 220 | 503.60 | 220 | 662.95 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary fruits intake (g/d) c | 220 | 390.10 | 220 | 392.92 | 220 | 439.73 | 220 | 539.25 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary carbohydrates intake (g/d) c | 220 | 439.67 | 220 | 427.81 | 220 | 432.39 | 220 | 462.14 | 0.50 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary fat intake (g/d) c | 220 | 458.84 | 220 | 464.85 | 220 | 443.82 | 220 | 394.49 | 0.02 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary protein intake (g/d) c | 220 | 360.03 | 220 | 402.76 | 220 | 457.04 | 220 | 542.17 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary fiber intake (g/d) c | 220 | 277.45 | 220 | 365.78 | 220 | 458.93 | 220 | 659.84 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin D intake (μg/d) c | 220 | 395.29 | 220 | 410.73 | 220 | 465.66 | 220 | 490.32 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin C intake (mg/d) c | 220 | 245.01 | 220 | 360.40 | 220 | 484.50 | 220 | 672.09 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin E intake (mg/d) a | 220 | 30.16 | 9.58 | 220 | 31.79 | 10.07 | 220 | 32.07 | 9.05 | 220 | 31.05 | 8.44 | 0.14 |
| Energy-adjusted dietary flavonoids intake (mg/d) c | 220 | 392.40 | 220 | 417.63 | 220 | 445.64 | 220 | 506.33 | < 0.001 | ||||
SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, BMI Body mass index, MET Metabolic equivalent task, Lut-zea Lutein and zeaxanthin
a Described as means and SDs. b Described as numbers and percentages. c Described as mean rank
*ANOVA (P homogeneity of variance test > 0.05) and Kruskal-Wallis H test (P homogeneity of variance test < 0.05) were used to analyse quantitative variables and Chi square test was used to analyse qualitative variables