Table 3.
Association between energy-adjusted intake of dietary carotenoids and their subclasses and the risk of developing PE
| Quartiles of carotenoid intakes (OR, 95% CI) | Ptrend a | Per one-SD increase b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||
| Total carotenoids | ||||||
| Crude | 1.0 | 0.76 (0.54, 1.08) | 0.65 (0.45, 0.94)* | 0.41 (0.27, 0.61)** | < 0.001 | 0.67 (0.57, 0.78)** |
| Adjusted model | 1.0 | 0.55 (0.31, 0.96)* | 0.52 (0.28, 0.97)* | 0.29 (0.16, 0.54)** | < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.48, 0.79)** |
| α-carotene | ||||||
| Crude | 1.0 | 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.38) | 0.69 (0.45, 0.99)* | 0.03 | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) |
| Adjusted model | 1.0 | 0.88 (0.51, 1.52) | 0.93 (0.52, 1.68) | 0.75 (0.41, 1.36) | 0.28 | 0.95 (0.79, 1.15) |
| β-carotene | ||||||
| Crude | 1.0 | 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) | 0.68 (0.47, 0.99)* | 0.47 (0.32, 0.70)** | < 0.001 | 0.74 (0.63, 0.85)** |
| Adjusted model | 1.0 | 0.58 (0.33, 1.03) | 0.38 (0.21, 0.71)* | 0.31 (0.16, 0.58)** | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.58, 0.89)* |
| β-cryptoxanthin | ||||||
| Crude | 1.0 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.39) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.29) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.03) | 0.04 | 0.72 (0.58, 0.88)* |
| Adjusted model | 1.0 | 1.19 (0.68, 2.09) | 0.94 (0.51, 1.75) | 0.50 (0.27, 0.90)* | 0.007 | 0.67 (0.47, 0.95)* |
| Lycopene | ||||||
| Crude | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.68, 1.44) | 0.74 (0.50, 1.08) | 0.52 (0.35, 0.77)* | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.53, 0.77)** |
| Adjusted model | 1.0 | 0.69 (0.39, 1.21) | 0.61 (0.33, 1.12) | 0.55 (0.30, 0.99)* | 0.04 | 0.69 (0.53, 0.90)* |
| Lut-zea | ||||||
| Crude | 1.0 | 0.86 (0.61, 1.23) | 0.65 (0.43, 0.96)* | 0.59 (0.39, 0.87)* | 0.004 | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93)* |
| Adjusted model | 1.0 | 0.58 (0.32, 1.06) | 0.48 (0.26, 0.90)* | 0.32 (0.17, 0.61)** | 0.001 | 0.67 (0.53, 0.85)* |
PE Preeclampsia, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, Q Quartile, SD Standard deviation, Lut-zea Lutein and zeaxanthin
a Tested by entering the median intake of each quartile of carotenoids as a continuous variable into univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. b Performed by standardising the energy-adjusted carotenoid intakes data and entering it into the model.
Adjusted model was adjusted for age (years), gestational age (weeks), pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), gravidity, parity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) status (yes/no), family hypertension history (yes/no), physical activity (MET [h/d]), education and income levels and total energy intake (kcal/d)
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.001.