Table 5.

Sensitivity analysis of further adjusting dietary confounding factors on the basis of the general confounders

	Quartiles of energy-adjusted carotenoid intakes (OR, 95% CI)				Ptrend a	Per one-SD increase b
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
Total carotenoids	1.0	0.47 (0.25, 0.87)*	0.44 (0.22, 0.87)*	0.23 (0.12, 0.46)**	< 0.001	0.60 (0.47, 0.77)**
α-carotene	1.0	0.76 (0.42, 1.38)	0.75 (0.40, 1.40)	0.66 (0.35, 1.26)	0.24	0.94 (0.78, 1.14)
β-carotene	1.0	0.59 (0.32, 1.08)	0.36 (0.19, 0.68)*	0.24 (0.12, 0.49)**	< 0.001	0.68 (0.55, 0.86)*
β-cryptoxanthin	1.0	1.11 (0.62, 2.01)	0.82 (0.42, 1.58)	0.54 (0.29, 0.99)*	0.02	0.77 (0.60, 0.99)*
Lycopene	1.0	0.73 (0.40, 1.33)	0.68 (0.36, 1.29)	0.55 (0.29, 1.04)	0.09	0.74 (0.58, 0.93)*
Lut-zea	1.0	0.51 (0.26, 0.97)*	0.40 (0.20, 0.80)*	0.25 (0.12, 0.51)**	< 0.001	0.64 (0.50, 0.83)*

^a Tested by entering the median intake of each quartile of carotenoids as a continuous variable into univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. ^b Performed by standardising the energy-adjusted carotenoid intakes data and entering it into the model.

Adjustment for age (years), gestational age (weeks), pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²), gravidity, parity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) status (yes/no), family hypertension history (yes/no), physical activity (MET [h/d]), education and income levels, total energy intake (kcal/d) and dietary factors (energy-adjusted dietary vegetables/ fruits/ fat/ fiber/ vitamin D/ vitamin C/ vitamin E/ flavonoids intake)

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.001.