Table 1.
Demographics and illness severity profiles of patients with ARDS with and without comorbidities
| Parameter (n = 2813)1 |
No comorbidities | Any comorbidities* | Chronic respiratory impairment | Congestive heart failure | Chronic renal failure | Chronic liver failure | Immune incompetence | Diabetes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n (%) | 1121 (39.9) | 1692 (60.1) | 631 (22.4) | 290 (10.3) | 286 (10.2) | 112 (4.0) | 584 (20.8) | 613 (21.8) |
| Male patients, n (%) | 687 (61.3) | 1042 (61.6) | 423 (67.0)* | 182 (62.8) | 190 (66.4) | 77 (68.8) | 337 (57.7) | 388 (63.3) |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 56 ± 18 | 65 ± 15* | 68 ± 13* | 72 ± 12* | 69 ± 13* | 56 ± 11 | 60 ± 16* | 67 ± 13* |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 25.8 (23.0–29.7) | 26.1 (22.8–30.9) | 25.9 (22.9–30.1) | 26.3 (22.9–32.1) | 27.3 (24.1–32.4)* | 26.7 (22.8–30.6) | 24.9 (21.6–28.4)* | 28.1 (24.2–34.2)* |
| Geo-economic areas, n (%) | ||||||||
| High-income Europe | 628 (56.0) | 893 (52.8) | 357 (56.6) | 159 (54.8) | 140 (49.0)* | 54 (48.2) | 315 (54.0) | 293 (47.8)* |
| High-income RW | 270 (24.1) | 476 (28.1) | 165 (26.1) | 62 (21.4) | 99 (34.6)* | 42 (37.5)* | 176 (30.1)* | 209 (34.1)* |
| Middle income | 223 (19.9) | 323 (19.1) | 109 (17.3) | 69 (23.8) | 47 (16.4) | 16 (14.3) | 93 (15.9)* | 111 (18.1) |
| Clinician recognition of ARDS, n (%) | ||||||||
| At baseline | 373 (33.3) | 514 (30.4) | 141 (22.3)* | 70 (24.1)* | 82 (28.7) | 38 (33.9) | 217 (37.2) | 188 (30.7) |
| At any time | 693 (61.8) | 1042 (61.6) | 345 (54.7)* | 154 (53.1)* | 166 (58.0) | 75 (70.0) | 410 (70.2)* | 375 (61.2) |
| No longer fulfill ARDS criteria after 24 h, n (%) | 195 (17.4) | 291 (17.2) | 111 (17.6) | 58 (20.0) | 59 (20.6) | 19 (17.0) | 94 (16.1) | 98 (16.0) |
| ARDS Severity, n (%) | ||||||||
| Mild ARDS | 326 (29.1) | 507 (30.0) | 186 (29.5) | 96 (33.1) | 96 (33.6) | 35 (31.2) | 167 (28.6) | 181 (29.5) |
| Moderate ARDS | 516 (46.0) | 822 (48.6) | 323 (51.2)* | 139 (47.9) | 142 (49.6) | 47 (42.0) | 271 (46.4) | 305 (49.8) |
| Severe ARDS | 279 (24.9) | 363 (21.4)* | 122 (19.3)* | 55 (19.0)* | 48 (16.8)* | 30 (26.8) | 146 (25.0) | 127 (20.7) |
| PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg) at day 1 of ARDS, mean ± SD | 157 ± 68 | 162 ± 67 | 162 ± 64 | 167 ± 67* | 172 ± 68* | 161 ± 71 | 157 ± 68 | 163 ± 67 |
| pCO2 (mmHg), at day 1 of ARDS, mean ± SD | 44 ± 14 | 47 ± 16* | 54 ± 18* | 49 ± 17* | 44 ± 15 | 41 ± 12* | 44 ± 16 | 46 ± 16 |
| pH, at day 1 of ARDS, mean ± SD | 7.34 ± 0.12 | 7.33 ± 0.12* | 7.32 ± 0.12* | 7.33 ± 0.11 | 7.33 ± 0.12 | 7.31 ± 0.12* | 7.34 ± 0.12 | 7.33 ± 0.13 |
| Total SOFA adjusted Score, mean ± SD | ||||||||
| Day 1 of AHRF | 9.3 ± 3.9 | 9.4 ± 4.2 | 8.6 ± 4.0* | 9.3 ± 3.9 | 10.3 ± 3.6* | 13.7 ± 4.1* | 9.4 ± 3.9 | 9.5 ± 4.1 |
| Worst SOFA within 28 days in ICU | 10.9 ± 4.2 | 11.2 ± 4.4 | 10.2 ± 4.4* | 11.1 ± 4.3 | 11.9 ± 3.9* | 15.2 ± 3.9* | 11.5 ± 4.3* | 11.2 ± 4.4 |
| Non-pulmonary SOFA adjusted score, mean ± SD | ||||||||
| Day 1 of AHRF | 6.0 ± 3.9 | 6.3 ± 4.1 | 5.4 ± 4.0* | 6.2 ± 3.9 | 7.2 ± 3.7* | 10.6 ± 4.0* | 6.3 ± 4.0 | 6.3 ± 4.1 |
| Worst SOFA within 28 days in ICU | 7.7 ± 4.0 | 8.1 ± 4.3* | 7.1 ± 4.3* | 8.1 ± 4.2 | 8.9 ± 3.9* | 12.0 ± 3.7* | 8.4 ± 4.2* | 8.2 ± 4.3* |
| Type of admission, n (%) | ||||||||
| Medical | 783 (69.9) | 1375 (81.3)* | 519 (82.3)* | 231 (79.7)* | 239 (83.6)* | 94 (83.9)* | 474 (81.2)* | 484 (79.0)* |
| Post-operative | 50 (4.5) | 103 (6.1) | 36 (5.7) | 23 (7.9)* | 15 (5.2) | 10 (8.9)* | 40 (6.9)* | 36 (5.9) |
| Surgical | 200 (17.8) | 193 (11.4)* | 66 (10.5)* | 32 (11.3)* | 29 (10.1)* | 6 (5.4)* | 69 (11.8)* | 80 (13.1)* |
| Trauma | 88 (7.9) | 21 (1.2)* | 10 (1.6)* | 4 (1.4)* | 3 (1.0)* | 2 (1.8)* | 1 (0.2)* | 13 (2.1)* |
| Number of comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||
| 0 | 1121 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 1 | – | 1087 (64) | 289 (46) | 77 (27) | 63 (22) | 55 (49) | 371 (64) | 232 (38) |
| 2 | – | 423 (25) | 215 (34) | 111 (38) | 107 (37) | 35 (31) | 147 (25) | 231 (38) |
| ≥ 3 | – | 182 (11) | 127 (20) | 102 (35) | 116 (41) | 22 (20) | 66 (11) | 150 (24) |
Test used for continuous variables: Wilcoxon rank sum (all variables are not normally distributed); for categorical variables: Chi square. *The group “Any comorbidities” includes less patients than the sum of the single comorbidities as patients could have more than 1 comorbidity
* < 0.05 versus no comorbidities