Table 5.
Men’s practical support for women and babies*
| Control |
Intervention |
aOR (95% CI) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Pre-intervention
|
Post-intervention
|
Pre-intervention
|
Post-intervention
|
|
|
|
Support during pregnancy† | ||||||
| Obtain or prepare special foods for woman |
129 (96.5%) |
139 (93.8%) |
101 (94.5%) |
118 (96.6%) |
2.9 (1.1, 7.5) |
0.031 |
| Encourage woman to rest |
127 (93.9%) |
141 (95.1%) |
103 (96.7%) |
119/122 (97.4%) |
0.9 (0.2, 3.6) |
0.918 |
| Contribute to household chores |
127/134 (95.6%) |
136 (91.7%) |
95 (87.9%) |
116 (94.0%) |
4.2 (1.0, 18.1) |
0.056 |
| Accompany woman to ANC |
95/134 (72.6%) |
86/146 (59.6%) |
69 (63.7%) |
97 (78.6%) |
4.2 (1.7, 10.5) |
0.002 |
| Participate in ANC consultation |
78/135 (59.6%) |
60/147 (41.8%) |
54/104 (52.8%) |
65 (52.1%) |
2.1 (0.8, 5.0) |
0.110 |
|
Support around childbirth‡ | ||||||
| Accompany woman to place of childbirth |
84/135 (67.5%) |
83/141 (58.4%) |
71 (67.0%) |
95/122 (78.4%) |
2.7 (1.5, 4.7) |
0.001 |
| Present during childbirth |
17 (12.2%) |
14/149 (9.8%) |
16/104 (16.7%) |
36 (29.9%) |
2.7 (1.1, 7.1) |
0.039 |
| Financial support for childbirth |
128/134 (97.3%) |
139/148 (93.7%) |
101 (96.7%) |
120 (97.4%) |
3.3 (0.3, 32.0) |
0.306 |
| Provide baby clothes or other items for childbirth |
133/135 (99.1%) |
148 (98.6%) |
105 (98.9%) |
121 (98.3%) |
1.0 (0.0, 21.9) |
0.983 |
|
Support for woman after birth† | ||||||
| Contribute to household chores |
122/135 (91.3%) |
127/146 (87.9%) |
86/103 (83.0%) |
108/121 (88.7%) |
2.4 (0.8, 6.9) |
0.109 |
| Encourage woman to breastfeed |
129/135 (94.8%) |
142/148 (96.5%) |
95/103 (90.9%) |
120/121 (99.1%) |
8.0 (2.0, 32.4) |
0.004 |
| Obtain or prepare special foods for woman |
124/135 (93.0%) |
123/147 (85.1%) |
94/103 (90.9%) |
118/121 (97.4%) |
9.2 (3.8, 22.1) |
<0.0001 |
|
Support for baby care
| ||||||
| Bathe, dress, hold or play with baby† |
132/135 (98.3%) |
85/147 (58.9%) |
97/102 (94.3%) |
117/121 (96.5%) |
68.8 (18.5, 256.1) |
<0.0001 |
| Hold or soothe baby at night† |
131/135 (96.5%) |
136/147 (92.9%) |
98/103 (94.3%) |
114/121 (94.0%) |
1.9 (0.2, 14.5) |
0.541 |
| Take baby to health facility if sick†‡ | 65/133 (51.8%) | 33/131 (25.4%) | 45/84 (50.7%) | 51/71 (73.1%) | 9.1 (2.6, 31.4) | <0.0001 |
aOR – adjusted odds ratio, ANC – antenatal care
*Data are n (%) or n/N (%), with variance estimation accounting for health facility catchment clustering. Probability values from Wald χ2 tests based on cluster robust standard errors. aOR reflects a time by intervention group interaction, adjusted for individual men’s age, number of children, and educational attainment.
†Outcomes are sometimes/usually vs never.
‡Outcomes are yes vs no.
§Excludes men who reported their baby had never been sick.