Table 2.
Effect of geraniol treatment on brain redox status parameters, cholinergic functions, and inflammatory markers in all the studied groups
| Parameters/groups | Group I (control group) | (Group II) (geraniol group) | (Group III) (d-galactose group) | (Group IV) (d-galactose + geraniol group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ach level (U/mg protein) | 6.2 ± 0.61 | 6.04 ± 0.43 | 4.5 ± 0.75*,# | 5.75 ± 0.75& |
| AchE activity (U/mg protein) | 2.9 ± 0.23 | 2.8 ± 0.22 | 4.92 ± 0.46*,# | 3.04 ± 0.42& |
| MDA level (nmol/mg protein) | 1.5 ± 0.28 | 1.44 ± 0.29 | 4.8 ± 0.73*,# | 1.75 ± 0.48& |
| SOD activity (U/mg protein) | 0.88 ± 0.13 | 0.81 ± 0.12 | 0.68 ± 0.12* | 0.86 ± 0.09& |
| GSH level (µmol/mg protein) | 0.2 ± 0.058 | 0.19 ± 0.036 | 0.07 ± 0.028*,# | 0.18 ± 0.055& |
| NF-kβ (ng/mg protein) | 79.7 ± 6.5 | 79.54 ± 6.33 | 173.9 ± 16.5*,# | 115.5 ± 11.25 *,#,& |
| TNF-α (pg/mg protein) | 17.77 ± 2.55 | 15.77 ± 2.56 | 31.55 ± 4.17*,# | 22.4 ± 4.62*,#,& |
| IL-1β (pg/mg protein) | 44.1 ± 5.79 | 41.74 ± 5.55 | 31.55 ± 4.17*,# | 102.15 ± 9.5*,#,& |
| IL-6 (pg/mg protein) | 20.19 ± 2.9 | 19.2 ± 2.98 | 35.4 ± 3.63*,# | 26.46 ± 3.38*,#,& |
Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. (n = 10/group). Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test, SPSS computer program
Ach level acetylcholine level, AchE activity acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity, MDA malondialdehyde, GSH reduced glutathione, NF-κβ nuclear factor kappa beta, SOD superoxide dismutase, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1β interleukin 1 beta, IL-6 interleukin 6
*Mean significant difference vs control group (P < 0.05)
#Mean significant difference vs geraniol group (P < 0.05)
&Mean significant difference vs d-galactose group (P < 0.05)