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. 2022 May 21;12:8598. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12529-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Particle emission per mg water emission during flute (a) or oboe (b) playing vs. during speaking. Gray lines indicate equal particles-per-water ratios for both tasks. Oboe playing tends to produce larger particles-per-water ratios than speaking while flute playing does not seem to: In diagram (b) more ellipses are located above the grey line than on or below it. The ellipses above the line indicate higher ratios from instrument playing than from speaking. In diagram (a) the distribution of ellipses with respect to the grey line is almost neutral. F19 and F20 are exceptional dry high emitters.