Figure 3.

Landscape-scale LST ($T_{\mathit{MODIS}}$ derived from MOD11A1) vs. plot-scale LST at Alice Springs for 2016–2018. (a) $T_{\mathit{seq}}$ based on short equation (Eq. 10) and satellite-derived (MODIS) broadband emissivity; (b) Same as (a), but $T_{\mathit{leq}}$ based on long equation (Eq. 6); (c) $T_{\mathit{seq}}$ based on short equation (Eq. 10) and monthly plot-scale emissivity; (d) Same as (c), but $T_{\mathit{leq}}$ based on long equation (Eq. 6). Bias is mean $T_{\mathit{seq}}-T_{\mathit{MODIS}}$, N is the number of daily overpasses of MODIS between 2016 and 2018, c is the intercept, m the slope, RMSE is the root mean square error and $R^2$ is the coefficient of determination. At each site, LST was estimated using both the short equation ($T_{\mathit{seq}}$, Eq. 10) and the long equation ($T_{\mathit{leq}}$, Eq. 6). In a first step, we used satellite-derived landscape-scale broadband emissivity from MODIS (${\epsilon }_{\mathit{MODIS}}$, Eq. 12) for estimating plot-scale LST from tower-based longwave measurements, and compared these with landscape-scale LST extracted from MODIS LST dataset ($T_{\mathit{MODIS}}$).