Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline
| Characteristics | Survivors (n = 7710) | Non-survivors (n = 1107) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Age, year | 66.4 (55.5–76.6) | 70.2 (58.5–79.9) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | 0.001 | ||
| Male, n (%) | 4819 (62.5) | 637 (57.5) | |
| Female, n (%) | 2891 (37.5) | 470 (42.5) | |
| Weight, kg | 81 (69–95) | 80 (67–95) | 0.003 |
| Height, cm | 170 (163–178) | 168 (160–178) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3815 (49.5) | 441 (39.8) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2208 (28.6) | 320 (28.9) | 0.853 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 1968 (25.5) | 397 (35.9) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 996 (12.9) | 238 (21.5) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 1875 (24.3) | 325 (29.4) | < 0.001 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 794 (10.3) | 292 (26.4) | < 0.001 |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 1278 (16.6) | 276 (24.9) | < 0.001 |
| Tumor, n (%) | 883 (11.5) | 215 (19.6) | < 0.001 |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, n (%) | 21 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0.512 |
| Vital signs on day 1 | |||
| Heart rate, bpm | 83 (75–94) | 89 (76–102) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 115 (107–124) | 111 (102–124) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 60 (55–66) | 60 (53–67) | 0.259 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 76 (71–82) | 75 (69–83) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate | 18 (16–21) | 21 (18–24) | < 0.001 |
| Body temperature, °C | 36.9 (36.6–37.2) | 36.8 (36.4–37.2) | < 0.001 |
| SPO2, % | 93 (91–95) | 92 (88–95) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory findings on day 1 | |||
| Blood glucose, mg/dL | 170 (140–206) | 188 (146–257) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 2.2 (1.5–3.2) | 2.9 (1.7–5.7) | < 0.001 |
| pH | 7.43 (7.39–7.47) | 7.41 (7.36–7.46) | < 0.001 |
| PO2, mmHg | 88 (63–122) | 63 (42–91) | < 0.001 |
| PCO2, mmHg | 46 (41–52) | 47 (39–56) | 0.293 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 192 (118–276) | 129 (77–223) | < 0.001 |
| Base excess | 1 (0–3) | 0 (− 3 to 2) | < 0.001 |
| Hematocrit, % | 29 (25–34) | 30 (25–34) | 0.030 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 9.8 (8.4–11.3) | 9.6 (8.2–11.4) | 0.123 |
| Platelets, × 103/µL | 157 (113–216) | 154 (88–227) | 0.001 |
| White blood cell, × 103/µL | 13.8 (10.4–18.2) | 16.0 (11.3–21.5) | < 0.001 |
| Anion gap | 14 (12–17) | 18 (15–22) | < 0.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 25 (23–27) | 23 (20–26) | < 0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 19 (14–28) | 32 (20–50) | < 0.001 |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L | 8.4 (8.0–8.9) | 8.5 (8.0–9.0) | < 0.001 |
| Serum chloride, mmol/L | 108 (104–111) | 106 (101–111) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Serum sodium, mmol/L | 140 (138–142) | 141 (137–144) | 0.001 |
| Serum potassium, mmol/L | 4.4 (4.1–4.8) | 4.6 (4.1–5.2) | < 0.001 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.5 (1.2–2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 14.6 (12.9–16.6) | 16.2 (13.5–22.8) | < 0.001 |
| Partial thromboplastin time, s | 32.4 (28.3–40.8) | 38.9 (30.3–63.0) | < 0.001 |
| Medical treatments | |||
| Antibiotic, n (%) | 5543 (71.9) | 764 (69.0) | 0.047 |
| Ventilation, n (%) | 4484 (58.2) | 758 (68.5) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 2942 (38.2) | 568 (51.3) | < 0.001 |
| Urine output on day 1, mL | 1763 (1195–2526) | 1035 (464–1797) | < 0.001 |
| Severity of illness scores | |||
| GCS | 14 (10–15) | 9 (3–14) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA | 5 (3–8) | 10 (6–13) | < 0.001 |
| OASIS | 34 (28–40) | 44 (37–50) | < 0.001 |
| SAPS-II | 35 (28–44) | 50 (39–61) | < 0.001 |
Data are reported as no. (%) or median (IQR)
GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, OASIS Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score, SAPS-II Simplified Acute Physiology Score II