TABLE 2.
Unique composition of gut microbiota in centenarians
| Taxon (Phylum/Genus) | Trend | Country | Subjects amount | Subjects composition | Method (Fecal Samples) | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy Aging | |||||||
| Actinobacteria | Bifidobacterium | ↓ | Italy | 9 samples | 3 centenarians (ages 99–102 years), 5 elderly (ages 59–75 years) and 1 adult (age 38 years) | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2013) |
| ↑ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) | ||
| ↑ | Italy | 39 subjects, 39 samples | 24 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 15 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 young (ages 22–48 years) | 16S rRNA sequencing | E. Biagi et al. (2016) | ||
| ↓ | China | 1195 subjects | 86 elderly, 198 centenarians | 16S rRNA sequencing | Bian et al. (2017) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | ||
| ↓ | Japan | 367 subjects | ages between 0–104 years | 16S rRNA sequencing | Odamaki et al. (2016) | ||
| Collinsella | ↑ | Korea | 56 subjects | 30 centenarians (ages 95–108 years), 17 elderly subjects (ages 67–79 years), 9 adults (ages 26–43 years) in longevity villages | 16S rRNA sequencing | B. S. Kim et al. (2019) | |
| Eggerthella | ↑ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | |
| ↑ | Italy | 62 samples | 11 young (ages 22–48 years), 13 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), and 23 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years) subjects | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2020) | ||
| Bacteroidetes | Bacteroides | ↑ | Japan | 367 subjects | ages between 0 and 104 years | 16S rRNA sequencing | Odamaki et al. (2016) |
| ↑ | China | 1195 subjects | 86 elderly, 198 centenarians | 16S rRNA sequencing | Bian et al. (2017) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 62 samples | 11 young (ages 22–48 years), 13 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), and 23 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years) subjects | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2020) | ||
| Parabacteroides | ↑ | Italy | 65 subjects | 19 young (ages 19–33 years), 24 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 22 centenarians (ages >100 years) subjects | 16S rRNA sequencing/ITS1 sequencing | Wu et al. (2020) | |
| Prevotella | ↓ | Italy | 65 subjects | 19 young (ages 19–33 years), 24 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 22 centenarians (ages >100 years) subjects | 16S rRNA sequencing/ITS1 sequencing | Wu et al. (2020) | |
| ↓ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) | ||
| ↑ | China | 1195 subjects | 86 elderly, 198 centenarians | 16S rRNA sequencing | Bian et al. (2017) | ||
| ↓ | Korea | 56 subjects | 30 centenarians (ages 95–108 years), 17 elderly subjects (ages 67–79 years), 9 adults (ages 26–43 years) in longevity villages | 16S rRNA sequencing | B. S. Kim et al. (2019) | ||
| Euryarchaeota | Methanobrevibacter | ↑ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) |
| ↑ | Italy | 62 samples | 11 young (ages 22–48 years), 13 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), and 23 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years) subjects | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2020) | ||
| Firmicutes | Bacillus | ↑ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 1S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) |
| Clostridium | ↑ | China | 1195 subjects | 86 elderly, 198 centenarians | 16S rRNA sequencing | Bian et al. (2017) | |
| ↑ | Korea | 56 subjects | 30 centenarians (ages 95–108 years), 17 elderly subjects (ages 67–79 years), 9 adults (ages 26–43 years) in longevity villages | 16S rRNA sequencing | B. S. Kim et al. (2019) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | ||
| Coprococcus | ↓ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) | |
| ↓ | Italy | 62 samples | 11 young (ages 22–48 years), 13 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), and 23 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years) subjects | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2020) | ||
| Dorea | ↑ | China | 1195 subjects | 86 elderly, 198 centenarians | 16S rRNA sequencing | Bian et al. (2017) | |
| ↓ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) | ||
| Roseburia | ↓ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | |
| Ruminococcus | ↓ | Italy | 65 subjects | 19 young (ages 19–33 years), 24 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 22 centenarians (ages >100 years) subjects | 16S rRNA sequencing/ITS1 sequencing | Wu et al. (2020) | |
| ↑ | Italy | 9 samples | 3 centenarians (ages 99–102 years), 5 elderly (ages 59–75 years) and 1 adult (age 38 years) | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2013) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) | ||
| Eubacterium | ↓ | Italy | 9 samples | 3 centenarians (ages 99–102 years), 5 elderly (ages 59–75 years), and 1 adult (age 38 years) | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2013) | |
| ↓ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 62 samples | 11 young (ages 22–48 years), 13 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), and 23 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years) subjects | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2020) | ||
| Faecalibacterium | ↓ | Italy | 9 samples | 3 centenarians (ages 99–102 years), 5 elderly (ages 59–75 years), and 1 adult (age 38 years) | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2013) | |
| ↑ | China | 1195 subjects | 86 elderly, 198 centenarians | 16S rRNA sequencing | Bian et al. (2017) | ||
| ↓ | China | 67 subjects | centenarians and nonagenarians (ages ≥90 years) | 16S rRNA sequencing | Kong et al. (2019) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) | ||
| ↓ | Italy | 62 samples | 11 young (ages 22–48 years), 13 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), and 23 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years) subjects | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2020) | ||
| ↓ | Korea | 56 subjects | 30 centenarians (ages 95–108 years), 17 elderly subjects (ages 67–79 years), 9 adults (ages 26–43 years) in longevity villages | 16S rRNA sequencing | B. S. Kim et al. (2019) | ||
| Lachnospiraceae | ↓ | Japan | 367 subjects | ages between 0 and 104 years | 16S rRNA sequencing | Odamaki et al. (2016) | |
| Lactobacillus | ↑ | Italy | 65 subjects | 19 young (ages 19–33 years), 24 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 22 centenarians (ages >100 years) subjects | 16S rRNA sequencing | Wu et al. (2020) | |
| ↑ | Spain | 153 subjects | 49 adults (ages <50 years), 58 elderly (ages 50–65 years), 46 old (ages 66–80 (n = 19), and >80 (n = 27) years) subjects | qPCR | Salazar et al. (2019) | ||
| Marvinbryantia | ↑ | China | 1195 subjects | 86 elderly, 198 centenarians | 16S rRNA sequencing | Bian et al. (2017) | |
| Proteobacteria | Desulfovibrio | ↑ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) |
| Escherichia/Shigella | ↑ | China | 67 subjects | centenarians and nonagenarians (ages ≥90 years) | 16S rRNA sequencing | Kong et al. (2019) | |
| Escherichia | ↑ | Italy | 9 samples | 3 centenarians (ages 99–102 years), 5 elderly (ages 59–75 years) and 1 adult (age 38 years) | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2013) | |
| ↑ | Italy | 62 samples | 11 young (ages 22–48 years), 13 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), and 23 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years) subjects | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2020) | ||
| ↑ | Korea | 56 subjects | 30 centenarians (ages 95–108 years), 17 elderly subjects (ages 67–79 years), 9 adults (ages 26–43 years) in longevity villages | 16S rRNA sequencing | B. S. Kim et al. (2019) | ||
| Klebsiella | ↑ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | |
| Vibrio | ↑ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) | |
| Verrucomicrobia | Akkermansia | ↑ | Italy | 84 subjects | 21 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 22 elderly (ages 63–76 years), 20 young (ages 25–40 years), 21 elderly (59–78 years, offspring of the centenarians) subjects | HITChip and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes | Biagi et al. (2010) |
| ↑ | Italy | 39 subjects, 39 samples | 24 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), 15 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 young (ages 22–48 years) | 16S rRNA sequencing | E. Biagi et al. (2016) | ||
| ↑ | Italy | 62 samples | 11 young (ages 22–48 years), 13 elderly (ages 65–75 years), 15 centenarians (ages 99–104 years), and 23 semisupercentenarians (ages 105–109 years) subjects | Shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Rampelli et al. (2020) | ||
| ↑ | China | 168 subjects | 67 centenarians and nonagenarians, 54 elderly, and 47 young adults | 16S rRNA sequencing | F. Kong et al. (2016) | ||
| ↑ | Korea | 56 subjects | 30 centenarians (ages 95–108 years), 17 elderly subjects (ages 67–79 years), 9 adults (ages 26–43 years) in longevity villages | 16S rRNA sequencing | B. S. Kim et al. (2019) | ||
| ↑ | Spain | 153 subjects | 49 adults (ages <50 years), 58 elderly (ages 50–65 years), 46 old (ages 66–80 (n = 19), and >80 (n = 27) years) subjects | qPCR | Salazar et al. (2019) | ||
| Synergistetes | Cloacibacillus | ↑ | Italy | 65 subjects | 19 young (ages 19–33 years), 24 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 22 centenarians (ages >100 years) subjects | 16S rRNA sequencing/ITS1 sequencing | Wu et al. (2020) |
| Pyramidobacter | ↑ | Italy | 65 subjects | 21 old (ages 99–107 years), 25 elderly (ages 68–88 years), 19 young (ages 21–33 years) subjects | DNA library construction/shotgun metagenomic sequencing | Wu et al. (2019) | |