TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of all participants and by sleep index category a
| Characteristic |
All (n = 363,886) |
Sleep index category | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Low (index = 0–2) (n = 55,174) |
Medium (index = 3–4) (n = 201,795) |
High (index = 5–6) (n = 106,917) |
||
| Age (years) | 56.52 (8.07) | 56.13 (8.02) | 56.88 (7.97) | 56.04 (8.23) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.39 (4.74) | 28.78 (5.39) | 27.48 (4.68) | 26.51 (4.30) |
| Sex (male) | 163,532 (44.9%) | 25,765 (46.7%) | 92,222 (45.7%) | 45,545 (42.6%) |
| Race (white) | 345,349 (94.9%) | 50,998 (92.4%) | 191,918 (95.1%) | 102,433 (95.8%) |
| Smoking status b | ||||
| Current smoker | 37,016 (10.2%) | 8361 (15.2%) | 20,715 (10.3%) | 7940 (7.5%) |
| Former smoker | 128,074 (35.3%) | 20,204 (36.7%) | 73,092 (36.3%) | 34,778 (32.6%) |
| Never smoker | 197,734 (54.5%) | 26,432 (48.1%) | 107,378 (53.4%) | 63,924 (59.9%) |
| Healthy alcohol intake (yes) c | 181,313 (49.9%) | 25,002 (45.4%) | 99,870 (49.5%) | 56,441 (52.8%) |
| Healthy physical activity (yes) d | 256,498 (71.7%) | 34,491 (64.1%) | 141,816 (71.5%) | 80,191 (75.9%) |
| Years of education (>10 years) | 236,963 (65.1%) | 33,833 (61.3%) | 129,472 (64.2%) | 73,658 (68.9%) |
| Major diseases e | ||||
| Hypertension | 86,758 (23.8%) | 15,475 (28.1%) | 49,993 (24.8%) | 21,290 (19.9%) |
| Diabetes | 17,883 (4.9%) | 4270 (7.7%) | 9972 (4.9%) | 3641 (3.4%) |
| Coronary heart disease | 19,931 (5.5%) | 4439 (8.1%) | 11,253 (5.6%) | 4239 (4.0%) |
| Biological ages | ||||
| KDM‐biological age | 49.11 (11.87) | 49.57 (11.68%) | 49.43 (11.84) | 48.26 (11.96) |
| KDM‐biological age acceleration | −7.41 (9.09) | −6.56 (8.96) | −7.45 (9.10) | −7.78 (9.11) |
| PhenoAge | 47.70 (9.73) | 46.19 (9.77) | 45.92 (9.62) | 44.42 (9.79) |
| PhenoAge acceleration | −8.82 (5.34) | −9.94 (5.50) | −10.96 (5.09) | −11.62 (4.89) |
| Components of biological ages | ||||
| FEV1 (L) f | 2.80 (0.74) | 2.75 (0.74) | 2.80 (0.74) | 2.84 (0.74) |
| SBP (mm Hg) f | 139.64 (19.35) | 139.10 (19.06) | 140.12 (19.34) | 139.04 (19.50) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) f | 220.46 (42.92) | 218.88 (44.34) | 220.85 (43.14) | 220.55 (41.74) |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) f | 5.44 (0.56) | 5.52 (0.66) | 5.44 (0.56) | 5.38 (0.50) |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) f | 15.10 (3.64) | 15.06 (3.83) | 15.14 (3.65) | 15.03 (3.53) |
| Lymphocyte (%) g | 28.98 (7.28) | 28.91 (7.40) | 28.98 (7.29) | 29.02 (7.21) |
| Mean cell volume (fl) g | 82.78 (5.17) | 82.73 (5.31) | 82.79 (5.17) | 82.78 (5.11) |
| Serum glucose (mg/dl) g | 91.40 (17.95) | 92.82 (21.14) | 91.46 (17.91) | 90.55 (16.09) |
| Red cell distribution width (%) g | 13.46 (0.89) | 13.53 (0.95) | 13.46 (0.88) | 13.43 (0.88) |
| White blood cell count (1000 cells/μl) g | 6.86 (1.76) | 7.05 (1.86) | 6.87 (1.77) | 6.74 (1.69) |
| Albumin (g/dl) f , g | 4.52 (0.24) | 4.51 (0.25) | 4.52 (0.24) | 4.53 (0.24) |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) f , g | 0.81 (0.17) | 0.82 (0.17) | 0.81 (0.17) | 0.81 (0.16) |
| C‐reactive protein (mg/dl) f , g | 0.25 (0.41) | 0.30 (0.47) | 0.25 (0.41) | 0.22 (0.37) |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) f , g | 83.04 (23.9) | 85.50 (25.36) | 83.34 (23.66) | 81.22 (23.42) |
| Sleep behaviors for sleep index | ||||
| No self‐reported snoring (behavior 1) | 227,927 (62.6%) | 17,018 (30.8%) | 116,296 (57.6%) | 94,613 (88.5%) |
| Early chronotype (behavior 2) | 229,411 (63.0%) | 11,256 (20.4%) | 120,434 (59.7%) | 97,721 (91.4%) |
| No frequent daytime sleepiness (behavior 3) | 277,377 (76.2%) | 22,947 (41.6%) | 151,197 (74.9%) | 103,233 (96.6%) |
| Sleep 7–8 h/day (behavior 4) | 248,038 (68.2%) | 17,552 (31.8%) | 128,967 (63.9%) | 101,519 (95.0%) |
| Never/rarely insomnia (behavior 5) | 88,533 (24.3%) | 2925 (5.3%) | 32,888 (16.3%) | 52,720 (49.3%) |
| Getting up easy in morning (behavior 6) | 299,436 (82.3%) | 21,529 (39.0%) | 171,919 (85.2%) | 105,988 (99.1%) |
| Sleep index (continuous) | 3.77 (1.23) | 1.69 (0.54) | 3.58 (0.49) | 5.19 (0.40) |
a
Mean values (standard deviation) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
b
Data missing in 1062 participants.
c
Healthy alcohol intake: male: <28g/day; female: <14g/day; data missing in 23 participants.
d
Healthy physical activity: ≥150 min/week moderate or ≥75 min/week vigorous or 150 min/week mixed (moderate + vigorous) activity; data missing in 6066 participants.
e
Major disease diagnosed by doctor.
f
Employed to construct KDM‐biological age
g
Employed to construct PhenoAge.