TABLE 3.

Causal associations between sleep index and biological age accelerations with unweighted genetic risk scores ^a

	KDM‐biological age acceleration (years)		PhenoAge acceleration (years)
	Coefficients (SE)	p‐Value	Coefficients (SE)	p‐Value
(1) Sleep index → Biological ages
Observed effects	−0.129 (0.011)	<0.0001	−0.153 (0.008)	<0.0001
Genetic‐predicted effects	−1.654 (0.037)	<0.0001	−0.808 (0.028)	<0.0001
(2) Biological ages → sleep index
Observed effects	−0.034 (0.003)	<0.0001	−0.044 (0.002)	<0.0001
Genetic‐predicted effects	0.099 (0.068)	0.15	0.008 (0.011)	0.48

^a Effects were estimated by one SD change in the sleep index or biological age accelerations. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, smoking status, healthy alcohol intake, healthy physical activity, years of education (<10 years or ≥10 years), hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. The examination center was controlled for as a random effect. The genetic risk scores for sleep index and biological age accelerations were unweighted. Bolded values that were below the significance threshold, which was 0.05/(2*2*2) = 0.00625, were considered as statistically significant.