Table 2.
Association between Prehospital Medication Use and Postoperative Delirium
| Delirium (n=134) |
No delirium (n=426) |
Unadjusted relative risk (95% CI) |
Adjusted relative riskc (95% CI) |
Adjusted relative riskd (95% CI) |
Adjusted relative riske (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benzodiazepines | 17 (12.7%) | 43 (10.1%) | 1.21 (0.73 to 2.01) | 1.44 (0.85 to 2.44) | 1.41 (0.82 to 2.43) | 1.40 (0.84 to 2.44) |
| Beta blockers | 70 (52.2%) | 159 (37.3%) | 1.58 (1.13 to 2.22) | 1.38 (0.94 to 2.05) | 1.41 (0.99 to 2.02) | 1.41 (0.98 to 2.02) |
| NSAIDs | 86 (64.2%) | 253 (59.4%) | 1.17 (0.82 to 1.66) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.62) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.62) | 1.11 (0.76 to 1.62) |
| Opioids | 33 (24.6%) | 84 (19.7%) | 1.24 (0.84 to 1.83) | 1.22 (0.82 to 1.82) | 1.20 (0.78 to 1.84) | 1.21 (0.79 to 1.85) |
| Statins | 88 (65.7%) | 235 (55.2%) | 1.40 (0.98 to 2.01) | 1.34 (0.92 to 1.95) | 1.34 (0.92 to 1.95) | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.95) |
| Number of anticholinergic medicationsa | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.29) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.20) | -- | -- |
| Number of anticholinergic medicationsb | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.14 (0.99 to 1.30) | -- | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.22) | -- |
| Total number of medications | 8.6 ± 3.9 | 7.8 ± 3.7 | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.09) | -- | -- | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) |
a
According to the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale
b
According to the Anticholinergic Drug Score
c
Model adjusted for age, gender, surgery type, Charlson comorbidity index, and cognition at baseline
d
Model adjusted for number of anticholinergic medications according to the Anticholinergic Drug Score, age, gender, surgery type, Charlson comorbidity index, and cognition at baseline
e
Model adjusted for total number of medications, age, gender, surgery type, Charlson comorbidity index, and cognition at baseline
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval; NSAIDs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.