Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Characteristics | cTTO survey | DCE survey | German adult general population [26] | Proportional difference between cTTO sample and general population | Proportional difference between DCE sample and general population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 215 | N = 1030 | ||||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 139 (64.6) | 546 (53.0) | 51.1 | + 13.5 | + 1.9 |
| Male | 76 (35.4) | 482 (46.8) | 48.9 | − 13.5 | − 2.1 |
| Diverse | – | 2 (0.2) | – | – | – |
| Age groups, years | |||||
| 18–24 | 27 (12.6) | 95 (9.2) | 9.1 | + 3.5 | + 0.1 |
| 25–29 | 31 (14.4) | 69 (6.7) | 7.5 | + 6.9 | − 0.8 |
| 30–39 | 28 (13.0) | 153 (14.9) | 15.3 | − 2.3 | − 0.4 |
| 40–49 | 41 (19.1) | 152 (14.8) | 15.0 | + 4.1 | − 0.2 |
| 50–59 | 46 (21.4) | 203 (19.7) | 19.4 | + 2.0 | + 0.3 |
| 60–69 | 26 (12.1) | 149 (14.5) | 14.9 | − 2.8 | − 0.4 |
| ≥ 70 | 16 (7.4) | 209 (20.3) | 18.8 | − 11.4 | + 1.5 |
| Educational level | |||||
| Still in education | – | 17 (1.7) | 3.6 | − 3.6 | − 1.9 |
| Lower educationa | 11 (5.1) | 305 (29.6) | 34.7 | − 29.6 | − 5.1 |
| Middle educationb | 37 (17.2) | 336 (32.6) | 29.8 | − 12.6 | + 2.8 |
| Higher educationc | 166 (77.2) | 365 (35.4) | 31.9 | + 45.3 | + 3.5 |
| Other | 1 (0.5) | 7 (0.7) | – | – | – |
| Region (federal state) | |||||
| Baden-Württemberg | – | 135 (13.1) | 13.3 | – | − 0.2 |
| Bayern | – | 165 (16.0) | 15.7 | – | + 0.3 |
| Berlin | – | 45 (4.4) | 4.4 | – | 0 |
| Brandenburg | – | 32 (3.1) | 3.1 | – | 0 |
| Bremen | – | 9 (0.9) | 0.8 | – | + 0.1 |
| Hamburg | – | 23 (2.2) | 2.2 | – | 0 |
| Hessen | – | 72 (7.0) | 7.5 | – | − 0.5 |
| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | – | 22 (2.1) | 2.0 | – | + 0.1 |
| Niedersachsen | – | 100 (9.7) | 9.6 | – | + 0.1 |
| Nordrhein-Westfalen | – | 226 (21.9) | 21.5 | – | + 0.4 |
| Rheinland-Pfalz | – | 50 (4.9) | 4.9 | – | 0 |
| Saarland | – | 11 (1.1) | 1.2 | – | − 0.1 |
| Sachsen | – | 51 (5.0) | 5.0 | – | 0 |
| Sachsen-Anhalt | – | 28 (2.7) | 2.7 | – | 0 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | – | 36 (3.5) | 3.5 | – | 0 |
| Thüringen | – | 25 (2.4) | 2.6 | – | − 0.2 |
| Responsibility for childrend | |||||
| Yes | 120 (55.8) | 564 (54.9) | – | – | – |
| No | 95 (44.2) | 463 (45.1) | – | – | – |
Data are presented as n (%) or % unless otherwise indicated
cTTO composite time trade-off, DCE discrete choice experiment
aLower education: with or without secondary general school certificate
bMiddle education: intermediate school certificate
cHigher education: entrance qualification for universities of applied sciences; university entrance qualification
dOriginal wording of the question in the DCE as well as in the cTTO survey: “Do you or have you ever had primary responsibility for a child (as a birth parent, foster parent, adoptive parent, or similar)?”