Table 1.
Marine derived compounds which have shown activity for human eye pathologies compromising sight.
| Organism | Compound | Mechanism of action | Pathology | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown alga Ishige okamurae | Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol | ROS scavenger (tested at 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM for 24 h) |
AMD | Park et al., 2019 |
| Present in brown seaweeds | Fucoxanthin | Antioxidant in vitro (tested at 1, 5, 10 μM for 24 h) and in vivo (tested at 0.1, 1, 10 mg/kg oral administration) | AMD | Chen et al., 2021 |
| Brown alga Laminaria japonica | Fucoxanthin | In vitro: inhibited the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor, improved phagocytic function and cleared ROS (tested at 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 μg/mL for 24 h) In vivo: retina protection against photoinduced damage (tested at 100 μg/kg/day) | Light-induced retinal damage | Liu et al., 2016 |
| Brown algae and marine invertebrates | Fucoidan | Protective effect on the EMT of RPE cells (tested at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 μg/mL for 48 h) and experimental in vivo PVR (tested at 2,000 μg/mL intravitrous administration); reduction of diabetic retinal neovascularization and damage, antioxidant, prevent renal fibrosis and slowing down the progression of diabetic nephropathy |
PVR | Yang et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2015; Li et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2018 |
| Coral Cladiella australis | 4-(phenylsulfanyl) butan- 2-one (4-PSB-2) | Anti-inflammatory in ARPE-19 cells (dissolved in DMSO and medium to 1, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM) | AMD | Varinthra et al., 2020 |
| Coral Cladiella australis | 4-PSB-2 | anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptois (tested at 5 mg/kg in 0.2 mL phosphate-buffered saline by subcutaneous injection) | Optic nerve crush in rat model | Chien et al., 2016 |
| Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei | Heparin-like compound | Potent antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities in ARPE-19 cells (90, 900, 9,000 ng/mL in 200 μL/well) and rats (4.5, 45, 450 ng of heparinoid in 5 μL of balanced salt solution intravitreous) | AMD | Dreyfuss et al., 2010 |
| Sponges Poecillatra wondoensis and Jaspis sp. | Modified wondonin marine natural product | antiangiogenic activity (single intravitreal injection at 3 μg/μL) | Diabetic retinopathy (choroidal neovascularization and oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse) | Kim et al., 2021 |
Organism and species name from which the compounds have been extracted, as well as mechanism of action and active concentrations are reported as well. AMD stands for age-related macular degeneration, EMT for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ROS for reactive oxygen species, and PVR stands for proliferative vitreoretinopathy.