Table 2. Clinical applications of TLR3 agonists in cancer immunotherapy .
| TLR | Agonist | Combination | No. of samples | Cancer type | Response | Ref./The year |
| 3 | Poly(A:U) | - | 40 | Breast cancer | Enhancing level of 2-5A synthetase and NKC | 78 (1985) |
| 3 | Poly-ICLC | - |
28 10 13 |
ALL, ANLL, Neuroblastoma | Increasing the levels of IFN | 79 (1985) |
| 3 | Poly-ICLC | IL2 |
5 6 5 1 8 |
Colorectal, melanoma, renal cell, mycosis fungoides, other solid tumors | Enhancing lytic NK activity and increaseing the number of CD56+ cells | 80 (1992) |
| 3 | Poly-ICLC | NY-ESO-1 and Montanide | 28 | Ovarian cancer | Increasing antibody, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells | 84 (2012) |
| 3 | Poly-ICLC | Autologous DC | 12 | Pancreatic cancer | Induction of tumor specific CD8+T cell population | 83 (2017) |
| 3 | Poly-ICLC | - |
7 1 |
Head and neck, squamous cell cancers, melanoma | Local and systemic immune responses through augmentation CD4+, CD8+ T cells, PD1, and PD-L1 levels | 81 (2018) |
| 3 | Poly-ICLC | Montanide and NY-ESO-1 | 4 | Melanoma | Induction of robust humoral and cellular immune responses specific for NY-ESO-1 | 85 (2020) |
| 3 or 4 | Poly-ICLC or LPS | IFA, melanoma peptides and Tet | 51 | Melanoma | Safe and effective vaccine adjuvants associated with IFA | 63 (2019) |
Abbreviation: ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia; ANLL: acute nonlymphocytic leukemia; DC: Dendritic cell; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand-1; IFA: Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant; Tet: tetanus helper peptide; IFN: Interferon-α; NKC: NK cytotoxicity; Poly(A:U): Polyadenylic:polyuridylic (polyA:U); Poly-ICLC: poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; NY-ESO-1:New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1.