Table 6.

Engle Granger cointegration test between life expectancy and stay in hospitalization unit in the period 1970–2018.

	Ln life expectancy	Ln stay in hospitalization unit
Augmented Dickey-Fuller Tests on First difference Null hypothesis of unit root: a = 1
Test without constant
T statistics	−2.447	−3.089
	0.013	0.002
Test with constant
T statistics	−5.935	−3.520
P value	P < 0.0001***	0.011 ***
Test with constant and time trend
T statistics	−6.815	−3.704
P value	P < 0.0001***	0.031 ***
Engel and Granger cointegration test
Step 1: Testing a unit root
With constant	P value: 0.020**	P value: 0.430
Step 2: Cointegration
Dependent variable	Const (p value) of regression: 4.575	Coef. −0.118
Life expectancy at birth	(<0.00001 *** )	P value: <0.00001***
Step 3: Dickey-Fuller regression
Lag 1 Null hypothesis of unit root: a = 1		P. asymptotic value: 0.095 *
Step 4: Error correction model
Dependent variable		First difference ln stay in hospitalization:
First difference life expectancy		Coefficient: −0.061
		P value: 0.002***
		e_1
		Coefficient: –0.148
		P value: 0.076
		d_life expectancy_1
		Coefficient: 0.146
		P value: 0.309

^***P ≤ 0.01,

^**P ≤ 0.05,

^*P ≤ 0.10; In bold, significant P value.