Figure 2.

Example published applications of the $\mathrm{\Phi }\text{ID}$ approach to causal emergence. Examples include (a) Conway’s Game of Life, (b) a bird flocking model, (c) macaque ECoG during motor control [7], (d) human resting-state fMRI brain activity [34] and (e) human fMRI during loss of consciousness [35]. Images reproduced from [7,34,35] and the Neurotycho database. (Online version in colour.)