TABLE 1.
Production of arbutin by plant cell reactors, enzymatic synthesis, and whole-cell catalysis.
| Source | Enzyme | HQ | Donors | Molar yield | Yield | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hairy roots of Brugmansia candida | — | 0.36 mM | — | 40% | — | Casas et al. (1998) |
| Aronia melanocarpa | — | Total amount of 384 mg/L divided into two portions | — | 52.71 ± 11.2% | 0.15 g/L | Rytter et al. (2014) |
| Capsicum annuum | — | 15.57 mM | — | — | 0.37 g/L | Lubitz et al. (2016) |
| Catharanthus roseus | — | 1.4 mmol/h added by continuously | — | 98% | 9.22 g/L | Inomata et al. (1991) |
| RauwolJia serpentina | — | Total amount of 254 mM added by continuously | — | 83% | 18 g/L | Xu et al. (2013) |
| L. mesenteroides | Sucrose phosphorlase | 90 mM | 1.46 M sucrose | 65% | 16 g/L | Kitao & Sekine, (1994) |
| T. thermosaccharolyticum | Sucrose phosphorlase | 5 mM | 15 mM sucrose | 21% | 0.29 g/L | Yao et al. (2020) |
| L. mesenteroides | Sucrose phosphorlase | 145.5 mM | 584.3 mM sucrose | 78.3% | 31 g/L | Wan et al. (2012a) |
| L. mesenteroides | Sucrose phosphorlase | 363.6 mM | 1.8 M sucrose | 99% | 98 g/L | Li et al. (2020a) |
| Bacillus subtilis X-23 | α-Amylase | 182 mM | 121 mM maltopentaose | 24.8% | 1.5 g/L | Dong et al. (2016) |
| Thermoanaerobacter sp. | Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase | 9 mM | 51 mM α-cyclodextrin | 21.2% | 0.52 g/L | Mathew & Adlercreutz, (2013) |
| Thermoanaerobacter sp. | Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase | 9 mM | 278 mM maltodextrin | 19.1% | 0.47 g/L | Mathew & Adlercreutz, (2013) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | α-Glucosidase | 50 mM | 1.5 M maltose | 4.6% | 1 g/L | Prodanović et al. (2005b) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | α-Glucosidase | 9 mM | 1.5 M maltose | 13% | 0.4 g/L | Prodanović et al. (2005a) |
| L. mesenteroides | Dextransucrase | 450 mM | 215 mM sucrose | 0.4% | 0.5 g/L | Seo et al. (2009) |
| thermal spring metagenome | Amylosucrase | 20 mM | 100 mM sucrose | 75% | 4.1 g/L | Agarwal et al. (2021) |
| D. geothermalis | Amylosucrase | 2.3 mM with ascorbic acid | 23 mM sucrose | 90% | 5.8 g/L | Seo et al. (2012) |
| Cellulomonas carboniz | Amylosucrase | 5 mM | 20 mM sucrose | 44.7% | 0.61 g/L | Yu et al. (2018) |
| Erwinia rhapontici | Sucrose isomerase | 50 mM | 1 mM surcose | 33.2% | 4.52 g/L | Zhou et al. (2011) |
| X. campestris WU-9701 | α-Glucosidase | 45 mM | 1.2 M maltose | 55.6% | 6.8 g/L | Kurosu et al. (2002) |
| X. maltophilia BT-112 | — | 120 mM | 240 mM sucrose | 93.6% | 30.6 g/L | Liu et al. (2013b) |
| X. maltophilia BT-112 | — | 240 mM | 480 mM Sucrose | 94.5% | 61.7 g/L | Liu et al. (2014) |
| X. maltophilia BT-112 | — | 1.8 M | 3.6 M sucrose | 93.7% | 38.2 g/L | Wei et al. (2016) |
| E． coil | transglucosidase | — | 1.1 M glucose | 76% | 21 g/L | Wu et al. (2008) |
| E． coil | Amylosucrase from X． campestris | 15 mM | 1.2 M of sucrose | 95% | 83.31 g/L | Zhu et al. (2019a) |
| E． coil | Amylosucrase from X． campestris | Total ∼418.2 mM | 1.83–2.22 M sucrose | ∼95% | 102–108 g/L | Zhu et al. (2019b) |
| E． coil | Amylosucrase from X． campestris | Total 234 mM | 937 mM sucrose | 95.5% | 60.9 g/L | Yang et al. (2018) |
| E． coil | arbutin synthase | — | 30 g/L glucose | — | 4.19 g/L | Shen et al. (2017) |
| Y． lipolytica | arbutin synthase | — | 100 g/L glucose | — | 8.6 ± 0.7 g/L | Shang et al. (2020) |
| P． chlororaphis P3 | glucosyltransferase | — | 18 g/L glycerol Total 36 g/L glucose | — | 6.79 g/L | Wang et al. (2018) |