Overexpression of TP53INP2 induces apoptosis in ACHN cells through a nonautophagy dependent pathway. (a) The number of autophagic vacuoles in ACHN cells treated with TP53INP2, mTOR inhibitor Torin1, and TP53INP2+Torin1. (b) and (c) The levels of autophagy-related proteins (TP53INP2, p-mTOR, mTOR, LC3, and p62) were evaluated with western blot. (d) and (e) The expression intensity of LC3 was estimated with immunofluorescence. (f) and (g) The levels of proapoptotic protein in ACHN cells treated with TP53INP2, autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), and TP53INP2+CQ. (h) and (i) Flow cytometry assay was performed for the detection on the apoptosis rate between different groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three or four independent experiments. ∗P < 0.05, compared to control; #P < 0.05, compared to TP53INP2; △P < 0.05, compared to Torin1 in (c) and (e), compared to CQ in (i), and P < 0.05, compared to CQ in G.