Table 1.
Combined fMRI and fMRS for various brain regions shows task-induced changes in various metabolites.
| area | task | Bo (T) Vendor | fMRI | fMRS sequence (TE, ms) | Δmetabolite | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VC | visual stimulation | 2.1Bruker | activation* | SE MRS (100) | 54%↑Lac | Prichard et al. 1991 31 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 2 Gyroscan | activation* | SE MRS (272) | 250%↑Lac | Sappey-M. et al. 1992 38 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 2 Siemens | activation* | STEAM (20) | 50%↓Glc | Merboldt et al. 1992 40 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 2.1 Bruker | activation* | SE MRS (48) | 31%↓Glc | Chen et al. 1993 37 |
| left BG | motor tapping | 1.5 Siemens | activation* | SE MRS (270) | 20%↑Lac | Kuwabara et al. 1995 41 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 2 Siemens | activation | STEAM (20) | 68%↑Lac, 40%↓Glc | Frahm et al. 1996 39 |
| left IFG | word generation | 1.5 GE | activation | PRESS (288) | 54%↑Lac | Urrila et al. 2003 42 |
| left IFG | word generation | 1.5 GE | activation | PRESS (288) | 40%↑Lac | Urrila et al. 2004 43 |
| rACC | foot cold pain | 4 Varian | activation* | STEAM (20) | 9%↑Glu | Mullins et al. 2005 161 |
| left M1 | motor squeezing | 3 Varian | activation* | MEGA PRESS (68) | 20%↓GABA | Floyer-Lea et al. 2006 97 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 1.5 GE | activation* | PRESS (288) | 7%↑Lac | Maddock et al. 2006 162 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Varian | activation | STEAM (6) | 23%↑Lac, 3%↑Glu, 15%↓Asp | Mangia et al. 2007a 45 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Varian | activation | STEAM (6) | 18%↑Lac | Mangia et al. 2007b 46 |
| rACC | leg heat pain | 3 Siemens | activation* | PRESS (20) | 15%↑GABA | Kupers et al. 2009 86 |
| mPFC | threat of shock | 3 GE | activation* | JDE PRESS (68) | 18%↓GABA | Hasler et al. 2010 98 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 3 Siemens | activation | PRESS (30) | 50%↑Lac | Lin et al. 2010 30 |
| left aIC | forearm heat pain | 3 Siemens | activation* | PRESS (30) | 18%↑Glu | Gussew et al. 2010 81 |
| VC | physical exercise | 1.5 GE | na | JDE PRESS (144) | 18%↑Glx, 19%↑Lac | Maddock et al. 2011 114 |
| left IC | dental electrical pain | 3 Philips | activation* | PRESS (30) | 16%↑Glx, 55%↑Glu, 10%↓mI | Gutzeit et al. 2011 82 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Philips | activation | STEAM (15) | 3%↑Glu, 9%↑Lac, 8%↑GSH, 10%↓Asp, 12%↓Gly, 6%↓Gln | Lin et al. 2012 72 |
| left dlPFC | working memory | 3 GE | activation | MEGA PRESS (68) | 4%↑GABA | Michels et al. 2012 101 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | activation | SPECIAL (6) | 4%↑Glu, 19%↑Lac, 12%↓Glc | Schaller et al. 2013 47 |
| left aIC | dental electrical pain | 3 Philips | activation* | PRESS (30) | 15%↑Glx, 6%↑Glu, 32%↑Gln, 7%↓mI | Gutzeit et al. 2013 83 |
| right aIC | dental electrical pain | 3 Philips | activation* | PRESS (30) | 14%↑Glx, 6%↑Glu, 28%↑Gln, 13%↓mI | Gutzeit et al. 2013 83 |
| left pIC | dental electrical pain | 3 Philips | activation* | PRESS (30) | 14%↑Glx, 7%↑Glu, 28%↑Gln | Gutzeit et al. 2013 83 |
| right pIC | dental electrical pain | 3 Philips | activation* | PRESS (30) | 13%↑Glx, 8%↑Glu, 20%↑Gln, 6%↓mI | Gutzeit et al. 2013 83 |
| left MC | motor tapping | 7 Siemens | activation | SPECIAL (12) | 2%↑Glu, 17%↑Lac | Schaller et al. 2014 48 |
| LOC | visual repetition priming | 3 Philips | activation* | PRESS (40) | 12%↑Glu | Lally et al. 2014 79 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | activation | sLASER (26) | 3%↑Glu, 30%↑Lac, 5%↓Asp, 16%↓Glc | Bednarik et al. 2015 49 |
| dACC | forearm heat pain | 3 Siemens | activation* | MEGA PRESS (68) | 22%↑Glx, 15%↓GABA | Cleve et al. 2015 94 |
| VC | forearm heat pain | 3 Siemens | activation* | MEGA PRESS (68) | 16%↑Glx, 13%↓GABA | Cleve et al. 2015 94 |
| left LOC | visual stimulation | 3 Philips | activation | fMRI-fMRS: PRESS WS-PRESS (105) | 12%↑Glu | Apsvalka et al., 2015 84 |
| dACC | Stroop task | 7 Siemens | activation* | STEAM (10) | 3%↑Glu | Taylor et al. 2015b 76 |
| dACC | Stroop task | 7 Siemens | activation | STEAM (10) | 2%↑Glu (healthy) | Taylor et al. 2015a 75 |
| rACC | mental imagery | 3 Philips | deactivation | PRESS (24) | 2%↑Glx | Huang et al. 2015 115 |
| VC | physical exercise | 3 Siemens | na | MEGA PRESS (68) | 3%↑Glu, 7%↑GABA | Maddock et al. 2016 113 |
| VC | physical exercise | 3 Siemens | na | PRESS (144) | 5%↑Glu | Maddock et al. 2016 113 |
| rdACC | physical exercise | 3 Siemens | na | PRESS (144) | 5%↑Glu | Maddock et al. 2016 113 |
| VC | physical exercise | 3 Siemens | na | PRESS (144) | 6%↑Glu | Maddock et al. 2016 113 |
| VC | physical exercise | 3 Siemens | na | PRESS (30) | 7%↑Glu | Maddock et al. 2016 113 |
| ACC | Stroop task | 3 Siemens | activation | SPECIAL (9) | 4%↑Glu, 7%↑Gln, 22%↓GABA | Kuhn et al. 2016 77 |
| right VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | activation | SPECIAL (6) | 7%↑Lac, 5%↓GABA | Mekle et al. 2017 73 |
| left MC | motor clenching | 7 Philips | activation | MEGA sLASER (72) | 11%↑Glx, 12%↓GABA | Chen et al. 2017 92 |
| right Hipp | associative learning | 3 Siemens | activation* | PRESS (23) | 4–11%↑Glu | Stanley et al. 2017 80 |
| dACC | forearm heat pain | 3 Siemens | activation* | STEAM (6.5) | 2%↓Glu | Chiappelli et al. 2017 87 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | activation | fMRI-fMRS: GE EPI-sLASER (36) | 2%↑Glu | Ip et al. 2017 56 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | activation | sLASER (26) | 3%↑Glu, 29%↑Lac, 5%↓Asp | Bednarik et al. 2018 71 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 3 Siemens | activation | MEGA PRESS (68) | 10%↑Glx, 20%↓GABA | Kurcius et al. 2018 93 |
| left dlPFC | working memory | 3 Siemens | activation* | PRESS (23) | 3%↑Glu | Woodcock et al. 2018 85 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | activation | sLASER (40) | 5%↑Glu | Martinez-M. et al. 2019 105 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | deactivation | sLASER (40) | 8%↓Glc, 4%↓Glu, 4%↑GSH | Martinez-M. et al. 2019 105 |
| right MC | motor tapping | 4 Bruker | activation | MEGA sLASER (144) | 9%↑Lac | Koush et al. 2019 53 |
| left MC | motor learning | 7 Siemens | activation* | sLASER (36) | 20%↓GABA | Kolasinski et al. 2019 78 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | activation | fMRI-fMRS: GE EPI-sLASER (36) | 1.5%↑Glu | Ip et al. 2019 55 |
| dACC | reinforcement learning | 3 Siemens | activation* | MEGA PRESS (68) | 3–10%↑GABA | Bezalel et al. 2019 112 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | activation | SPECIAL (16) | 2%↑Glu, 21%↑Lac | Boillat et al. 2020 50 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Siemens | deactivation | SPECIAL (16) | 1%↓Glu, 9%↓Lac, 8%↓GABA | Boillat et al. 2020 50 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 7 Philips | activation | sLASER (144) | 3%↑Glu, 10%↑Lac | Fernandes et al. 2020 74 |
| left SI | sensory stimulation | 3 Philips | activation | MEGA PRESS (70) | 29%↓GABA | Lea-Carnall et al. 2020 99 |
| left M1 | motor clenching | 3 Siemens | activation | PR-STRESS (15) | 4%↑Glu, 4%↑Glx | Volovyk and Tal 2020 65 |
| VC | visual stimulation | 4 Bruker | activation | fMRI-fMRS: STEAM WS-MEGA sLASER (71/144) | 8%↑Lac, 3%↑Glx, 6%↓GABA | Koush et al. 2021 54 |
| PCC | emotional recognition | 4 Bruker | deactivation | fMRI-fMRS: STEAM WS-MEGA sLASER (71/144) | 5%↑GABA | Koush et al. 2021 54 |
TE: echo time; SE MRS: spin-echo MRS sequence; STEAM: stimulated echo acquisition mode; PRESS: point resolved spectroscopy; LASER: localization by adiabatic selective refocusing; SPECIAL: spin-echo full intensity acquired localized; JDE: J-difference editing; MEGA: Mescher Garwood JDE scheme; sLASER: semi-LASER; GE EPI: gradient-echo echo planar imaging; PR-STRESS: phase-rotated STEAM+PRESS sequence; VC: visual cortex; BG: basal ganglia including portions of putamen and globus pallidus; IFG: inferior frontal gyrus; ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; M1: sensorimotor cortex; IC: insula cortex; dlPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; MC: motor cortex; SI: primary somatosensory cortex; LOC: lateral occipital cortex; Hipp: hippocampus; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; Glu: glutamate; Gln: glutamine; Glx: pooled Glu and Gln; mI: myo-inositol; Glc: glucose; GSH: glutathione; Gly: glycine; a/p: anterior/posterior; d/r: dorsal/rostral; activation: activation relative to baseline; activation*: expected activation relative to baseline without direct fMRI or water fMRS observations; na: non-available fMRI or water fMRS data; deactivation: deactivation relative to baseline; fMRI-fMRS: combined simultaneous fMRI and fMRS sequence; WS: water spectra.