Table 1.
Alteration of gut microbial metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease patients.
| Publication | Samples & Subjects | Methods | Major altered metabolites in IBD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yang Z et al.2021[120] | Fecal sample from 32 UC, 23 controls | UPLC-MS/MS | • SBAs(LCA, DCA, glycol-deoxycholic acid, glycol-lithocholic acid, tauro-lithocholic acid↓ •PBAs(taurocholic acid, Cholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid glycolchenodeoxycholic acid↑ |
| Wang Y et al.2021[129] | Fecal sample from 29 CD,20 controls | UPLC-MS/MS | • L-leucine, L-norleucine, methylmalonic acid, succinic acid↑; SCFAs (acetic acid, butyric acid, and propanol acid), BAs (deoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid) ↓ |
| Krzystek et al. 2020[95] | Large bowel tissues from 52 CD, 48 UC, 40 controls | LC-MS | •Arginine, Dimethylarginine ↓ •Citrulline, dimethylamine↑ |
| Bushman F et al. 2020[110] | Fecal samples from 28 IBD cases, 37 controls | UPLC-LC/MS | •Secondary bile acids(Deoxycholate, Lithocholate) ↓•Taurine, Primary bile acids (Chenodeoxycholate, Cholate) , Cadaverine, Kynurenine↑, Ceramide↑ |
| Diederen K et al. 2020[112] | Fecal samples from 43 CD,15 controls | 1HNMR, HPLC | •Arginine, Taurine, Glutamic acid ↓ •Primary bile acids, Trimethylamine, Cadaverine ↑ |
| Franzosa E et al. 2019[10] | Fecal samples from 68 CD,53 UC, 34 controls | Untargeted LC–MS | •SCFAs (Butyrate, Propionate), LCFA(2-hydroxymyristic acid), MCFA(Aprylic acid) SBAs (Lithocholate, Deoxycholate), Cholesterols, Phenylbenzodioxanes ↓ •PBAs(Cholate, Chenodeoxycholate), Sphingolipids, Cholesterylesters, Phosphatidylcholines, LCFAs (Arachidonic acid, Adrenic acid, Docosapentaenoic acid and Eicosatrienoic acid) ↑ |
| Scoville E et al. 2019[94] | Serum from 20 UC, 20 CD, and 20 non-IBD | HILIC/UPLC-MS/MS | •Arginine, LCFAs, MCFAs, Glutamine, Leucine, Lysine, Valine, Citrate, Conitate, α-ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate ↓ |
| Lloyd et al. 2019[8] | Fecal samples | LS-MS/MS | •Butyrate, Propionate, Valerate/isovalerate, Indole-3-propionat, Secondary bile acids (Lithocholate, Deoxycholate), Arachidonoyl carnitine ↓ •Taurine, Free arachidonate, Uridine, Nicotinuric acid, Glycoche-nodeoxycholate ↑ |
| Weng Y et al.2019[220] | Fecal sample from 107 UC,173 CD,42 controls | GC/MS, LC/MS | • LCFAs(Arachidic acid, Oleic acid, Tridecanoic acid), MCFAs(Sebacic acid, Isocaproic acid), Bile acids (Lithocholic acid, Chenodeoxycholate, Taurolithocholic acid)↓ |
| Das P et al.2019[128] | Fecal sample from 25 IBD,14 controls | LC-MS | • Deoxycholate, Lithocholate ↓ • Cholate, Glycocholate, Taurocholate, Taurochenodeoxycholate↑ |
| Alghamdi A et al. 2018[110] | Fecal samples from 7 new-onset CD cases,11 controls | LC-MS | •Tyrosine, Ornithine isomer ↓• Taurine, Arachidonic acid, Eicosatrienoic acid, Docosatetraenoic acid, Kynurenine(Kyn) , Aspartate, Glycine, Tryptophan, Carnosine, Allantoin, Citrulline, Serine, Threonine, Ornithine, Creatine, Asparagine, Choline, Histidine, Phenylalanine, Alanine, Metanephrine ↑ |
| Nikolaus S et al. 2017[87] | Serum samples from 291 IBD cases,291 controls; | HPLC | •Tryptophan(Trp), TDO2, Picolinic acid↓ •Kyn/Trp ratio, IDO1, Anthranilic acid, Quinolinic acid ↑ |
| Santoru M et al. 2017[9] | Fecal samples from 82 UC, 50 CD, and 51 controls | 1HNMR, GC–MS, LC-QTOF-MS | •Putrescine, Cadaverine, Alanine, Beta-alanine, Phenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, Glyceric acid, Phenylethylamine ↑ •Nicotinic acid, Pantothenic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, 5β-coprostanol, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, Hydrocinnamic acid ↓ |
| Kolho K et al. 2017[109] | Fecal and serum samples from 69 IBD cases, 29 controls | UPLC-MS/MS | •L-Tryptophan, Kynurenic acid, Trimethylamine-N-oxide ↓ •Taurine, Kynurenine, Glycocholic acid, L-isoleucine, Symmetric dimethylarginine, Serine, Phosphoethanolamine, Proline, Hexanoylcarnitine↑ |
| Lamas B et al. 2016[88] | Fecal samples from 102 IBD cases,37 controls | HPLC, LC-MS | •Tryptophan, IAA, IAA/Trp ↓ •Kyn, Kyn/trp↑ |
| Coburn L et al. 2016[93] | Colonic tissues and Serum from 38 controls and 137 UC patients. | HPLC | •Tissue L- Arginine ↓ •Tissue L-citrulline ↑ •Serum L- Arginine:N |
| Bjerrum J et al. 2015[11] | Fecal samples from 48 UC,44 CD, 21 controls | 1HNMR | •Butyrate, Propionate ↓ •Taurine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Valine ↑ |
| Lee T et al. 2016[221] | Fecal samples from 31 CD, 22 UC, 19 controls | High-resolution MS | •Pentadecanoic acid, Stearic acid, Hexadecadienoic acid↑ |
| De Preter V et al. 2015[73] | Fecal samples from 83 CD,68 UC, 16 controls | GC–MS | •MCFAs (Pentanoate, Hexanoate, Heptanoate, Octanoate, Nonanoate) ↓ |
| Jacobs J et al.2016[222] | Fecal sample from 26 CD,10 UC,54 controls | UPLC-MS | • Stercobilin, Acetyl-glutamic acid, Boldione↓ • Taurine, Tryptophan, Serinyl tryptophan, Omega-6 fatty acid (Adrenic acid), Bile acids (Cholic acid, 7-ketodeoxycholic acid, Chenodeoxycholic acid sulfate, 3-sulfodeoxycholic acid), Amino acid derivatives(Phenylethylamine, N-acetylcadaverine), ↑ |
Abbreviations: CD, Crohn’s disease; DCA, Deoxycholic acid; GC–MS, Chromatography-mass spectrometry; HILIC, Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography; IAA, Indole-3-acetic acid; IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease; IDO1, Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1; Kyn, Kynurenine; LCA, Lithocholic acid; LCFAs, Long-chain fatty acids; LS-MS/MS, Liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry; LC-MS, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC-QTOF-MS, Liquid chromatography in combination with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MCFAs, medium-chain fatty acids; NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PBAs, Primary bile acids; SBAs, Secondary bile acids; TDO2, Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase 2; Trp, Tryptophan; UC, Ulcerative colitis; UPLC-MS/MS, Ultra pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; ↑indicates increase; ↓indicates decrease.