. 2022 May 20;12(5):e055415. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055415

Table 4.

Studies that examined factors associated with healthcare seeking and utilisation in both urban slum and non-slum urban and rural settings

Study and location	Differences in healthcare access	Associated factors
Kalyango et al ¹⁵⁰ Kampala City, Uganda	Preferences and willingness to pay for health insurance Households in non-slum communities had a high preference for health insurance plans covering chronic illnesses and major surgeries to other plans.	Coverage of extended family (vs restricted enrolment of children); coverage of both private and public providers (vs private only).
Obanewa and Newell⁵⁹ Nationwide, Nigeria	Fully immunised child coverage (FIC) Proportion in slum lower than urban non-slum but higher than rural; proportions increased between 2003 and 2013 across all three settings.	From multivariable regression*: year, birth order, antenatal attendance, maternal education level, religion, maternal age at child’s birth, media exposure, region of the country, interaction between place of residence and place of delivery.
Angeles et al ⁴⁶ Multiple cities, Bangladesh	Use of modern contraceptive methods Proportion changed from being lower in slums in 2006 to being higher in slums in 2013 compared with urban non-slums.	From multivariable regression*: parity, mother’s age, mother’s educational attainment, socioeconomic status, interaction (slum×time period).
Angeles et al ⁴⁶ Multiple cities, Bangladesh	Delivery by skilled birth attendant Proportion substantially lower in slums compared with urban non-slums but the gaps narrowed over time.	From multivariable regression*: residing in slums, parity, mother’s age, mother’s educational attainment, length of stay in current city of residence, socioeconomic status, number of available community health workers, distance from health facility, interaction (slum×time period).
Islam¹⁰⁶ Multiple cities, Bangladesh	Antenatal care visits ‘there was a large inequality’ between slum and urban non-slum (detail not reported).	Level of educational attainment, wealth index of the household.
Islam¹⁰⁶ Multiple cities, Bangladesh	Using contraceptive methods ‘Prevalence rate higher among slum women’ than urban non-slum women.	Not reported.
Tabrizi et al ¹¹³ Tabriz, Iran	Utilisation of health services in the past 30 days Similar utilisation overall, but with lower proportion received needed health services and used private clinics, higher use of vaccination and maternal health services, and lower use of services for heart failure and hypertension for slum residents compared with urban non-slum.	High cost of services.
	Home care services Very little use both in slum and urban non-slum areas.	High cost of services.
	Prescribed drug during last visit to health facilities Lower proportion for slum versus urban non-slum.	Not reported.
	Not taking drugs prescribed Higher proportion for slum versus urban non-slum.	Main reason: financial problems for slum versus getting better/feeling well for non-slum urban.
Snyder et al ⁵¹ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	Directly observed treatment coverage for tuberculosis (TB) Higher for slum versus urban non-slum patients with TB.	Not examined.
Snyder et al ⁵¹ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	Abandonment of TB treatment Lower for slum versus urban non-slum patients with TB.	From multivariable regression*: residency in a slum, sex, age, extrapulmonary clinical disease, HIV/AIDS, interaction (directly observed treatment×residency in a slum).
Prado Junior et al ¹³⁸ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	Coverage under Family Health System for patients with TB Higher for slum versus urban non-slum.	Giving the Family Health Strategy priority to coverage of areas with lower social development.

*From the model with most comprehensive adjustment including residency in slum as one of the variables; only factors that were statistically significant (at 5% level) are shown.