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. 2022 May 23;14:54. doi: 10.1186/s13073-022-01053-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The LED intervention reshapes the overall microbiota structure, alters relative abundances of individual bacterial taxa and predicted functions. Pre- and post-LED A richness, B diversity within samples (Shannon index), C average dissimilarities (beta diversity) estimated by Bray-Curtis distances between participants, and D Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Differentially abundant E phyla, F genera (coloured by respective phyla) and G KEGG modules following the LED ranked by log-fold change are visualized by divergent bar plots. Only the 15 most abundant genera and KEGG modules are shown in F and G. Log2 fold change is calculated as post-LED/pre-LED; only significant results (FDR-P < 0.05) are plotted. The genera known to be able to produce butyrate are marked with an asterisk (*) in I