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. 2022 May 23;20:81. doi: 10.1186/s12958-022-00953-y

Table 1.

Kisspeptin and its analogs regulate LH secretion in women.

Studies Agonists Participants Treatment Baseline LH (IU/L) Max LH (IU/L) after treatment
(Dhillo et al. 2007) [50] KP54 26-32 healthy women

sc bolus 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 nmol/kg in the follicular phase;

sc bolus 0.4 nmol/kg in each phase of the menstrual cycle (follicular, preovulatory, and luteal phase)

follicular: 4.2

preovulatory: 14.5

luteal: 3.6 in each phase

The highest increase: preovulatory phase
(Jayasena et al. 2011) [51] KP10 35 healthy women iv bolus 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, or 10 nmol/kg in follicular phase and preovulatory phase women

2.9

3.8/6.8

Increase only in preovulatory phase women
(Jayasena, Comninos, Veldhuis, et al. 2013) [52] KP54 6 healthy women sc bolus 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 nmol/kg 1.2-9.0 Increase: 2.3 in 0.60 nmol/kg
(Jayasena, Comninos, Nijher, et al. 2013) [53] KP54 5 healthy women twice-daily sc injections 6.4 nmol/kg during menstrual days 7-14 5.7

Increase: 8.6 on day 7

Increase: 12.7 on day 14

(Narayanaswamy et al. 2016) [54] KP54 4 healthy women sc infusion 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 nmol/kg/h for 8 h 4.6 Around 5, 10, 10
(Skorupskaite et al. 2016) [55] KP10 20 healthy women iv infusion 4 μg/kg/h for 7 h 4.8-5.6 21.6
(Skorupskaite et al. 2018) [56] KP10 Postmenopausal women (n=11) iv bolus 0.3 μg/kg Unclear No increase
(Chan et al. 2012) [57] KP10 10 women in early follicular phase, 3 in preovulatory phase, and 14 in midluteal phase iv bolus 0.24 nmol/kg

follicular phase: 2.9

preovulatory phase: 34.7

midluteal phase: 3.4

follicular phase: 3.8

preovulatory phase: 61.3

midluteal phase: 7.1

(George, Anderson, and Millar 2012) [58] KP10 10 women in early follicular phase, 6 post-menopausal, 4 with progestogen implants, 4 with COCP iv bolus 0.3 μg/kg follicular phase: 6.3, post-menopausal: 35.3, progestogen implants: 4.6, CPCP: 2.3 follicular phase: 9.4, post-menopausal: 44.7, progestogen implants: 7.5, CPCP: 3.7
(Jayasena, Abbara, Comninos, et al. 2014) [59] KP54 53 women undergoing IVF (preovulatory phase) sc bolus 1.6 nmol/kg, 3.2 nmol/kg, 6.4 nmol/kg, 12.8 nmol/kg 0.8, 1.4, 1.3, 1.3 6.6, 3.8, 7.9, 8.8
(Abbara et al. 2017) [60] KP54 62 women at high risk of OHSS (preovulatory phase)

sc bolus 9.6 nmol/kg

second sc bolus 9.6 nmol/kg 10 h later

Around 2

Around 20

Around 50

Around 24

(Romero-Ruiz et al. 2019) [61] KP54 12 women with PCOS sc 9.6 nmol/kg twice daily for 21 days 10.8 7-day after completion of treatments: 13.4
(Skorupskaite et al. 2020) [62] KP10 10 women with PCOS iv infusion 4 μg/kg/h for 7 h 5.2 7.8
(Jayasena et al. 2009) [63] KP54 10 women with HA sc 6.4 nmol/kg twice daily for two weeks 2.6

24.0 at 4 h

Increase: 2.5 on day 14

(Jayasena et al. 2010) [64] KP54 20 women with HA

sc 6.4 nmol/kg twice daily for two weeks

sc 6.4 nmol/kg twice weekly for eight weeks

2.5

1.8

23.3 at 6 h; 3.5 on day 14

1.9 after eight weeks

(Jayasena, Abbara, Veldhuis, et al. 2014) [65] KP54 5 women with HA iv infusion 1.00 nmol/kg/h for 8 h 1.3 15.4
(Millar et al. 2017) [66] KP10 2 women with HA iv infusion 1.5 μg/kg/h for 12 h

Patient 1: 5.3

Patient 2: 1.2

Patient 1: 25.4

Patient 2: 5.2

(Abbara et al. 2020) [67]

KP54

TAK-448

9 healthy women, 6 women with PCOS and 6 with HA TAK-448 (doses 0.01 and 0.03 nmol/kg), KP54 (9.6 nmol/kg)

Healthy: 3.7

PCOS: 4.4

HA: 2.9

Amplitude of LH: similar after KP54 and MVT-602

Timing of peak LH: much later after MVT-602

Abbreviations: IVF in vitro fertilization, OHSS Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, HA hypothalamic amenorrhea, PC prostate cancer, PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome, TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone, sc subcutaneous, iv intravenous, COCP combined oral contraceptive pills.