Table 3.

Task trainer simulation models for general endoscopic endonasal skull base procedures

Study (first author surname, year of publication)	Name of task trainer	Primary outcome
Sanroman‐Alvarez, 2017	ENDO trainer for skull base	Hand‐eye coordination, dexterity and precision utility; for new trainees: time to completion
Singh, 2016	Neuro‐Endo trainer	Utility and validity
Fortes, 2016	SIMONT trainer	Anatomic structure identification and operative performance
Hirayama, 2013	Webcam Box trainer	Performance on VR simulator posttraining
Filho, 2011	SIMONT trainer	Fidelity and development of surgical skills

Abbreviation: VR, virtual reality.