Table 4.

Virtual surgical planning and virtual reality/augmented reality skull base simulation models

Study (first author surname, year of publication)	VSP, VR, or AR	Procedure studied	Primary outcome
Training models
Kim, 2020	AR	Skull base surgery	Feasibility
Bong, 2017	AR	Skull base surgery	Proof of concept
Thawani, 2016	VR (NeuroTouch)	Skull base surgery	Whether VR as an adjuvant training tool improved intraoperative performance
Mavar‐Haramija, 2015	VSP (3D computer PDF)	Skull base surgery	Descriptive report
Chan, 2015	AR	Skull base surgery	Validity
Varshney, 2014	VR (McGill Simulator)	Skull base surgery	Pre‐ and posttraining skill performance
Rosseau, 2013	VR (NeuroTouch)	Transsphenoidal approach	Descriptive report
de Notaris, 2013	VSP	Skull base surgery	Technical report
de Notaris, 2011	VSP	Skull base surgery	Descriptive report
de Notaris, 2010	VSP	Skull base surgery	Descriptive report
Preoperative planning
Jean, 2020a	VR	Tuberculum sellae meningioma resection	Descriptive report
Jean, 2020b	VR	Pineocytoma resection	Utility in surgical planning
Won, 2018	VR (CardinalSim)	Skull base surgery	Fidelity to prior patient cases
de Notaris, 2014	VR (Dextroscope)	Skull base surgery	Descriptive report

Abbreviations: AR, augmented reality; PDF, portal document format; VR, virtual reality; VSP, virtual surgical planning.