Table 2.

Ameliorative and antimicrobial effects of nano-minerals on different animal species – in vitro and in vivo studies.

Type of NPs	Dose/size of NPs	Animal species/age	Pathogen/stress	Effects	References
ZnONPs	10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg	Broiler chickens	Multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced footpad dermatitis	ZnONPs prevented multidrug resistant S. aureus-induced footpad dermatitis and ameliorated the negative effects on behavior (standing and walking) and performance	Mahmoud et al. (2021)
ZnNPs	45, 90, 135 and 180 mg/kg	Broiler chickens	Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.	Reduction in population of pathogenic intestinal bacteria	Hidayat et al. (2021)
ZnONPs	20 mg/kg	Broiler chickens	Mixed Eimeria species (E. maxima, E. mivati, E. acervulina, and E. tenella)	In the infected group, enhanced growth performance, decreased average oocyst count numerically, significantly lowered gut lesion score; ZnONPs enhanced PCV and Hb percent, and RBC count considerably, boosted plasma carotenoids levels and antioxidant activity, and lowered MDA	El-Maddawy et al. (2022)
ZnO quantum dots (ZnO QDs)	(3-6 nm)	Chicks	Salmonella pullorum	ZnO QDs effectively reduced the mortality of infected chickens by regulating intestinal flora balance, preserving the liver and gut, and altering the balance of antioxidation systems	Li et al. (2021)
ZnO QDs	(3-6 nm)	In vitro	E. coli, S. aureus and S. pullorum	The growth of all microorganisms was suppressed by ZnO QDs at a rate of 87.1, 94.7, and 85.6%, respectively with the lowest inhibitory concentrations of 0.781, 0.0976, and 0.195 mg/mL	Li et al. (2021)
Nano-Ag	25 mg/L	Pigs	African swine fever virus	Reduced microbial contamination in the pig house	Dung et al. (2020)
AgNPs	150 µg/bird, drinking water (15 nm)	Broiler chickens	C. perfringens induced necrotic enteritis	AgNPs reduced the severity of clinical signs, mortality rate, pathological lesions in the intestine and liver of infected birds; reduced C. perfringens colonization in the small and large intestine	Salem et al. (2021)
AgNPs	50 mg/L of drinking water (15 nm)	Broiler chickens	Pathogenic Escherichia coli	Reduced mortality rate from 14.1% in control to 4.92% in group treated with AgNPs	Kumar and Bhattacharya (2019)
AgNPs	15 mg/L of drinking water	Chickens	Eimeria tenella	AgNPs induced a slightly better cecal lesion score than the untreated birds; 50% less oocysts in the feces compared to the untreated group; no effect on the weight gain	Chauke and Siebrits (2012)
AgNPs	50 mg/L	Broiler chickens	Campylobacter jejuni	AgNPs had no antibacterial effect on C. jejuni and different intestinal bacteria; impaired broiler growth and immune functions	Vadalasetty et al. (2018)
Nano-Se	Not available	Broiler chickens	Mild Clostridium perfringens challenge model	Upregulated gene expression of gut barrier function; promoted shifts in gut bacterial enzyme activity to increase energy uptake in challenged birds and increased collagenase activity	Konieczka et al. (2020)
Nano-Se	0.4 g/kg	Quail	Gut microbiota	Decreased total bacterial count, total yeast and molds count, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. colonization, increased lactic acid bacteria counts than those in the control group	Alagawany et al. (2021)
Nano-Se	100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/mL (65.2 nm)	In vitro (Disc diffusion method)	Bacterial isolates (Bacillus cereus, S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia); fungal isolates (Candida tropicalis, C. albicans, C. glabrata, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigates)	SeNPs exhibited an antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial isolates with more resistance showed Gram-negative bacteria; inhibition of all tested fungi isolates; antioxidant activity of SeNPs (showed by scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals)	Abdel-Moneim et al. (2022)
SeNPs	5 mM and 10 mM; (79.4- 44.3 nm)	In vitro (Disc diffusion method)	Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella abony, E. coli, Candida albicans	Antimicrobial activities against all tested microorganisms with superior effect on S. abony, followed by K. pneumoniae, then C. albicans and E. coli	Abbas et al. (2021)
SeNPs	0.5 mg/kg	Laying hens	Deoxynivalenol (DON) toxicity	SeNPs provided effective anti-oxidative protection against DON toxicity; reduced DON’s effect on egg production rate, egg quality and serum calcium level	Qu et al. (2017)
Gold, Silver, Copper NPs	25 and 50 mg/kg	In vitro	E. coli, Streptococcus uberis, S. aureus, C. albicans and C. krusei isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis	AgNPs (both doses) and copper (50 mg/kg) showed the highest inhibiting activity against the pathogens while gold NPs were the weakest	Wernicki et al. (2014)