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. 2022 Mar 22;73(10):3173–3188. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac109

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 1. — A simplified qualitative scheme of the quantitative crop model GECROS connecting hierarchical scales from biochemical parameters to crop yield, and covering both photosynthetic (source) and morpho-physiological (sink) traits. Items in rectangles are traits quantified in the model along the hierarchical scales, while those without rectangles are model parameters. Abbreviations and symbols: A_canopy, canopy photosynthesis rate; A_leaf, leaf photosynthesis rate; A_max, maximum rate of light-saturated A_leaf; EV, early vigour; f_cyc, fraction for cyclic electron transport; f_pseudo, fraction for pseudocyclic electron transport; GAI, green surface area index; g_m, mesophyll conductance; g_s, stomatal conductance; HI, harvest index; I_intercept, photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by canopy; J_max, maximum capacity of light-saturated linear electron transport; k_L, light extinction coefficient in canopy; k_N, leaf nitrogen extinction coefficient in canopy; LA, leaf angle; pGS, potential grain size; R_d, leaf day respiration; R_crop, crop respiration; RUE, radiation use efficiency; SG: stay-green; SLA, specific leaf area; SLN, specific leaf nitrogen content; T_p, rate of triose phosphate utilization; V_cmax, maximum carboxylation capacity of Rubisco; β, absorptance by leaf photosynthetic pigments; Φ_2LL, quantum efficiency of electron transport of PSII under limiting light; Φ_CO2, quantum efficiency of CO₂ assimilation under limiting light; κ_2LL, efficiency of converting incident light into linear electron transport under limiting light conditions. Further details of the scheme are described in Box 1 and in the main text.