Table 1.
Number of occurrences (n), photosynthetic type (C3, C2, C4, or CAM), and life form of species in Euphorbiaceae occurring on the Hawaiian Islands
| Species | n | Photosynthetic type | δ 13C a | Reference | Life form (WCSP b) | Environmental data from herbarium record c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tree | ||||||
| Euphorbia atrococca | 6 | C4 | –12.40 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) | phan | Disturbed lowland forest |
| Euphorbia celastroides | 43 | C4 | –13.21 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975), Horn et al. (2014) | phan | Highly variable: grassy or rocky windswept slopes to open forest to bog |
| Euphorbia herbstii | 4 | C4 | –12.80 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) d | phan | Forested slopes, deep shade |
| Euphorbia olowaluana | 12 | C4 | –14.40 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) | phan | Dry forest, lava field |
| Euphorbia rockii | 4 | C4 | –12.95 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) | phan | Open bog, open rainforest on hilltop, moist rainforest, exposed ridge, wooded stream bank, high elevations |
| Acalypha wilkesiana | 7 | C3 | NA | nanophan/phan | ||
| Aleurites moluccanus | 107 | C3 | NA | phan | ||
| Claoxylon sandwicense | 18 | C3 | NA | Robichaux and Pearcy (1980) | nanophan/phan | Wooded slope, dry forest |
| Cnidoscolus aconitifolius | 1 | C3 | NA | nanophan/phan | ||
| Croton guatemalensis | 1 | C3 | NA | phan | ||
| Euphorbia cotinifolia | 1 | C3 | –23.93 | Horn et al. (2014) | nanophan/phan | |
| Euphorbia haeleeleana | 3 | C3 | NA | Morden et al. (2014) e | phan | Mesic forest |
| Euphorbia leucocephala | 2 | C3 | –27.58 | Horn et al. (2014) | nanophan/phan | |
| Hevea brasiliensis | 1 | C3 | –28.90 | Martinelli et al. (1998) | phan | |
| Homalanthus populifolius | 3 | C3 | NA | nanophan/phan | ||
| Hura crepitans | 1 | C3 | –26.67 | Horn et al. (2014) | phan | |
| Jatropha integerrima | 16 | C3 | NA | nanophan/phan | ||
| Jatropha multifida | 2 | C3 | NA | nanophan/phan | ||
| Macaranga mappa | 18 | C3 | NA | phan | ||
| Macaranga tanarius | 21 | C3 | NA | phan | ||
| Manihot carthaginensis | 5 | C3 | NA | nanophan/phan | ||
| Vernicia fordii | 1 | C3 | NA | phan | ||
| Euphorbia lactea | 4 | CAM | –14.79 | Horn et al. (2014), Mason et al. (2015) | succ nanophan/phan | |
| Euphorbia tirucalli | 10 | CAM/C3 | –16.45 | Horn et al. (2014), Bender (1971), Bender et al. (1973) | succ nanophan/phan | |
| Jatropha curcas | 3 | CAM/C3 | NA | Winter and Holtum (2015) | nanophan/phan | |
| Shrub | ||||||
| Euphorbia arnottiana | 2 | C4 | –13.40 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975), Yang et al., 2018 | cham | |
| Euphorbia atoto | 1 | C4 | –12.4 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) | cham/nanophan | |
| Euphorbia clusiifolia | 2 | C4 | –12.20 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) | – | |
| Euphorbia degeneri | 7 | C4 | –12.9 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) | – | |
| Euphorbia eleanoriae | 1 | C4 | NA | Yang et al. (2018) | – | |
| Euphorbia halemanui | 6 | C4 | NA | Yang et al. (2018) | – | |
| Euphorbia kuwaleana | 1 | C4 | NA | Yang et al. (2018) | phan | Grassy hilltop, volcanic rock |
| Euphorbia multiformis | 13 | C4 | –12.60 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975), Yang et al. (2018) | – | |
| Euphorbia remyi | 7 | C4 | –13.10 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) | – | |
| Euphorbia skottsbergii | 7 | C4 | –12.00 | Pearcy and Troughton (1975) | – | |
| Euphorbia sparsiflora | 2 | C4 | NA | Yang et al. (2018) | – | |
| Acalypha hispida | 6 | C3 | NA | nanophan | ||
| Codiaeum variegatum | 23 | C3 | NA | nanophan/phan | ||
| Jatropha podagrica | 11 | C3 | NA | nanophan | ||
| Manihot esculenta | 4 | C3 | NA | De Souza et al. (2017) f | nanophan/phan | |
| Ricinus communis | 82 | C3 | –30.2 | Bender (1971) | nanophan/phan | Side of valley |
| Euphorbia milii | 2 | CAM/C2 | –21.70 | Horn et al. (2014), Herrera (2013) | cham/nanophan | |
| Euphorbia tithymaloides | 2 | CAM/C3 | –23.94 | Horn et al. (2014), Ramachandra et al. (2003) | nanophan | |
| Herb | ||||||
| Euphorbia hirta | 71 | C4 | –13.08 | Horn et al. (2014), Yang and Berry (2011) | ther | |
| Euphorbia hypericifolia | 48 | C4 | NA | Yang and Berry (2011) | ther/cham | |
| Euphorbia hyssopifolia | 9 | C4 | NA | Yang and Berry (2011) | ther | |
| Euphorbia ophthalmica | 3 | C4 | NA | Yang and Berry (2011) | ther | |
| Euphorbia prostrata | 38 | C4 | NA | Yang and Berry (2011) | ther | |
| Euphorbia serpens | 3 | C4 | NA | Yang and Berry (2011) | ther | |
| Euphorbia thymifolia | 22 | C4 | NA | Yang and Berry (2011) | ther/hel | |
| Euphorbia heterophylla | 22 | C3 | –29.67 | Horn et al. (2014), Ramachandra and Das (1986) | ther | |
| Euphorbia peplus | 1 | C3 | –33.32 | Horn et al. (2014) | ther | |
a δ13C data (averaged where multiple measurements were found) are included where available in the literature, NA = not available.
b Life form is obtained from the Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) and species designated as one or a combination of phanerophyte (phan, small and large trees), nanophanerophyte (nanophan, shrub), succulent (succ), chamaephyte (cham, woody or herbaceous perennial), therophyte (ther, annual), or helophyte (hel, herbaceous species with roots in water/saturated soil). These life form designations were used in conjunction with information from the citations to group species into trees, shrubs, and herbs.
c Environmental data for selected tree and shrub species were recorded from herbarium datasheets available online at GBIF.
d Named here as E. forbesii.
e Secondary source naming E. haeleeleana as C3.
f Low level CAM, possibly shifts to CAM under drought.