Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies and assessment of risk of bias.
| First author (year of publishment) | Country or region | Follow-up time (Mean or Median or range) | Outcomes | Age range | Male (%) | Sample size | Included factors | Assessment of risk of bias using NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definition of SH: SH | ||||||||
| Bergen (2010) | UK | 0–2 years | SH | Median: 30 years (IQR: 19 years) | 41.8 | 13,966 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: history of SH, and treatment of psychiatric disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Bergen (2012) | UK | 3–11 years | Suicide | Median: 27 years (IQR: 19 years) | 35.0 | 30,202 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and employment. Clinical factors: history of SH and treatment of psychiatric disorder. |
Low risk |
| Bhaskaran (2014) | Canada | 0.5 years (At least 0.5 years for all cases) | SH | 18 years or above | 45.1 | 922 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: substance use disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Bilen (2011) | Sweden | 0–3 years | SH | 18 years or above | 35.0 | 1524 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, marital status, employment, and educational level. Clinical factors: history of SH, treatment of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, anxiety disorder, personality disorder, and psychiatric clinic |
Medium risk |
| Bilen (2014) | Sweden | 0.5 years (At least 0.5 years for all cases) | SH | 18 years or above | 28.3 | 325 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: history of SH, diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, and psychiatric clinic. |
Medium risk |
| Birtwistle (2017) | UK | Mean: 4.4 years | Suicide | 12 years or above | 42.0 | 6024 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age Clinical factors: history of SH. |
Medium risk |
| Chen (2013) | Taiwan, China | Mean:1.43 years | Suicide | 10–98 years | 29.4 | 3299 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, and employment. Clinical factors: physical illness and` diagnosis of psychiatric disorder |
Low risk |
| Chen (2011) | Taiwan, China | Mean: 5.8 years | Suicide | 11–90 years | 36.3 | 1080 | Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, educational level, and marital status | Low risk |
| Chen (2010) | Taiwan, China | Mean: 3.7 years | SH | 11–90 years | 37.0 | 970 | Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, educational level, and marital status | Medium risk |
| Chung (2012) | Taiwan, China | 0–8 years | SH | All age groups but not identifying the range | 46.1 | 39,875 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: physical illness and diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. |
Low risk |
| Chung (2013) | Taiwan, China | 0–8 years | Suicide | 10 years or above | 43.5 | 3388 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: physical illness and diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Corcoran (2015) | UK | 1 year (At least 1 year for all cases) | SH | All age groups but not identifying the range | 46.3 | 3337 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: history of SH. |
Medium risk |
| Cully (2021) | Ireland | 0–1 year | SH | 18 years or above | 52.8 | 324 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: treatment of psychiatric disorder |
Medium risk |
| Hawton (2015) | UK | 2–13 years | Suicide | 7–97 years | 41.5 | 40,346 | Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. | High risk |
| Kapur (2015) | UK | 0–1 years | Suicide | 10 years or above | 43.0 | 38,415 | Clinical factors: psychiatric hospitalization | Low risk |
| Kawahara (2017) | Japan | 0–0.5 years | SH | 12–88 years | 29.9 | 405 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, marital status, and employment. Clinical factors: history of SH, treatment of psychiatric disorder, physical illness, and psychiatric hospitalization |
Medium risk |
| Knipe (2019) | Sri Lanka | Median:1.9 years | SH | 10 years or above | 49.7 | 2259 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: history of SH. |
Medium risk |
| Suicide | Medium risk | |||||||
| Kuo (2012) | Taiwan, China | Median: 3.3 years | Suicide | 15 years or above | 27.8 | 8343 | Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. | Low risk |
| Kwok (2014) | Taiwan, China | Median: 1.4 years | SH | 15–96 years | 30.5 | 7601 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, and marital status. Clinical factors: history of SH. |
Medium risk |
| Lindh (2018) | Sweden | 0.5 year (At least 1 year for all cases) | SH | 18–95 years | 33.0 | 804 | Sociodemographic factors: gender. | High risk |
| Suicide | High risk | |||||||
| Madsen (2013) | Denmark | Mean: 4.2 years | Suicide | 18 years or above | 45.2 | 17,257 |
Sociodemographic factors: employment, educational level, and marital status. Clinical factors: Mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, personality disorder, and psychiatric clinic. |
Medium risk |
| Miller (2013) | US | 0–5 years | SH | 15 years or above | 41.6 | 3600 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, anxiety disorder, and personality disorder. |
Low risk |
| Suicide | Low risk | |||||||
| Olfson (2013) | US | 0.08 years | SH | 21–64 years | 31.8 | 5567 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, anxiety disorder, adjustment disorder and personality disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Olfson (2017) | US | 0–1 years | SH | 18–64 years | 33.0 | 61,054 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: treatment of psychiatric disorder, psychiatric hospitalization, and psychiatric clinic. |
Medium risk |
| Suicide | ||||||||
| Perry (2012) | Ireland | 0–1 years | SH | 10 years or above | Not available | 48,206 |
Sociodemographic factors: age. Clinical factors: history of SH |
Medium risk |
| Riedi (2012) | France | 0.5 years (At least 0.5 years for all cases) | SH | Mean: 37.8 years (SD: 12.1 years) | 29.0 | 184 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and employment. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, and anxiety disorder |
High risk |
| Runeson (2016) | Sweden | Mean: 5.3 years | Suicide | 10 years or above | 40.6 | 34,219 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, anxiety disorder, and personality disorder. |
Low risk |
| Steeg (2018) | UK | 1 year (At least 1 years for all cases) | Suicide | 16 years or above | 42.0 | 31,715 | Clinical factors: psychiatric hospitalization, and psychiatric clinic. | Low risk |
| Thomas (2021) | US | 2 years | SH | 5 years or above | 37.0 | 9518 |
Sociodemographic factors: age and gender. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder |
Median risk |
| Suicide |
Sociodemographic factors: age and gender. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder and history of SH |
Low risk | ||||||
| Tidemalm (2015) | Sweden | 9–19 years | Suicide | 10 years or above | 42.4 | 53,843 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder and history of SH. |
Low risk |
| Vuagnat (2019) | France | 0–1 years | Suicide | 16 years or above | 37.2 | 136,451 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: history of SH. |
Medium risk |
| Definition of SH: SA | ||||||||
| Aguglia (2020) | Italy | 0–0.5 years | SA | 18 years or above | 22.9 | 432 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, marital status, and employment. Clinical factors: history of SA, mood disorder, and psychotic disorder |
Medium risk |
| Chen (2016) | Taiwan, China | 0–3 years | SA | All age groups but not identifying the range | 33.0 | 51,579 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age |
Medium risk |
| Suicide | 25.0 | 6485 | Medium risk | |||||
| Chen (2013) | Taiwan, China | 0–0.5 years | SA | Mean: 38 years (SD: 15 years) | 31.6 | 1056 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and employment. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder and history of SA. |
Medium risk |
| Chung (2021) | Taiwan, China | 0–16 years | SA | 10 years or above | 45.6 | 24,300 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: physical illness and diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, and psychiatric hospitalization. |
Medium risk |
| Demesmaeker (2021) |
France | 0–1.17 years | SA | 18 years or above | 36.4 | 972 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, marital status, and employment. Clinical factors: history of SA, diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, anxiety disorder, and eating disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Espandian (2020) | Spain | 1 year (At least 1 year for all cases) | SA | 18 years or above | 25.7 | 319 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, marital status, employment, and educational level. Clinical factors: history of SA, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, personality disorder, anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Exbrayat (2017) | France | 1 year (At least 1 year for all cases) | SA | 18 years or above | 30.4 | 823 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and employment. Clinical factors: history of SA, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder, and psychiatric hospitalization. |
Medium risk |
| Fedyszyn (2016) | Denmark | 0–16 years | SA | All age groups but not identifying the range | Not available | 11,802 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: treatment of psychiatric disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Suicide | Clinical factors: psychiatric hospitalization | Low risk | ||||||
| Fossi (2021) | France | 0.5 years | SA | Mean: 40.6 (SD: 15.0 years) | 41.3 | 10,666 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: history of SA |
Medium risk |
| Haglund (2016) | Sweden | 0.5 year (At least 0.5 year for all cases) | SA | 10–92 years | 37.5 | 355 | Sociodemographic factors: gender. | High risk |
| Suicide | High risk | |||||||
| Huang (2014) | Taiwan, China | 1–6 years | SA | Mean: 40.5 years (SD:15.6 years) | 32.7 | 2070 | Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, marital status, and educational level. | Medium risk |
| Irigoyen (2019) | Spain | Mean: 1.7 years | SA | 18 years or above | 33.4 | 371 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: history of SA, diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, substance use disorder, anxiety disorder, adjustment disorder, and personality disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Johannessen (2011) | Norway | 0–5 years | SA | 15 years or above | 31.7 | 1304 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, marital status, and employment. Clinical factors: history of SA. |
Medium risk |
| 0–20 years | Suicide | Medium risk | ||||||
| Lipsicas (2014) | Multiple countries from Europe | 1 years (At least 1 years for all cases) | SA | Mean: 36.3 years (SD: 16.7 years) | 40.5 | 11,942 | Sociodemographic factors: gender. | Medium risk |
| Liu (2022) | China | 0–10 years | Suicide | 15–70 years | 36.3 | 1103 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and marital status. Clinical factors: physical illness and history of SA, diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. |
Low risk |
| Mehlum (2010) | Norway | 0–5.5 years | SA | 18 years or above | 34.8 | 911 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, marital status, and employment. Clinical factors: physical illness and treatment of psychiatric disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Monnin (2012) | France | 0–2 years | SA | 20 years or above | 30.8 | 273 | Clinical factors: treatment of psychiatric disorder, history of SA, anxiety disorder, psychotic disorder, and substance use disorder. | Medium risk |
| O'Connor (2012) | UK | 2 years (At least 2 years for all cases) | SA | 16 years or above | 36.7 | 237 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, marital status, and employment. Clinical factors: history of SA. |
Medium risk |
| O'Connor (2017) | US | 0.5 years (At least 0.5 years for all cases) | SA | Mean: 37.3 years (SD: 10.54 years) | 54.0 | 160 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: history of SA. |
High risk |
| Pan (2013) | Taiwan, China | Median: 1.4 years | Suicide | 15 years or above | 33.5 | 50,805 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Parra-Uribe (2017) | Spain | 1 years (At least 1 years for all cases) | SA | Mean: 40.8 years (SD: 16.0 years) | 37.6 | 1241 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, marital status, educational level, and employment. Clinical factors: personality disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Pavarin (2014) | Italy | 0–8.5 years | Suicide | Mean: 45.6 years | 39.4 | 505 | Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. | Low risk |
| Runeson (2010) | Sweden | 21–31 years | Suicide | 10 years or above | 48.4 | 48,649 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, psychotic disorder, and mood disorder. |
Low risk |
| Sawa (2017) | Japan | Mean: 3.7 years | SA | Mean: 39.8 years | 31.6 | 291 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, substance use disorder, psychotic disorder, and personality disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Wang (2015) | Taiwan, China | 1–6 years | Suicide | Mean:40.4 years (SD: 15.6 years) | 32.4 | 2052 | Sociodemographic factors: gender, age, educational level, and marital status. | Medium risk |
| Definition of SH: SC | ||||||||
| Carroll (2016) | UK | Mean: 2.1 years | Suicide | 14- 101 years | 41.1 | 3928 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender. Clinical factors: history of SC, diagnosis of psychiatric disorder, mood disorder, and personality disorder |
Low risk |
| Definition of SH: SP | ||||||||
| Finkelstein (2015) | Canada | Median: 5.3 years | Suicide | Median: 32 years (IQR:25 years) | 38.3 | 65,784 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: history of SP, mood disorder, and substance use disorder. |
Low risk |
| Finkelstein (2016) | Canada | Median:4.3 years | SP | 10 years or above | 38.2 | 81,675 |
Sociodemographic factors: gender and age. Clinical factors: mood disorder, and substance use disorder. |
Medium risk |
| Pushpakumara (2019) | Sri Lanka | 0.08 years (At least 0.08 years for all cases) | SP | 10 years or above | 50.8 | 4022 | Sociodemographic factors: gender. | High risk |
| Rajapakse (2016) | Sri Lanka | 1 years (At least 1 years for all cases) | SP | 14 years or above | 44.2 | 335 | Sociodemographic factors: gender. | High risk |
SH: self-harm, SD: standard deviation, IQR: interquartile range, NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, SA: suicide attempt, SP: self-poisoning, SC: self-cutting.