Table 3.
Factors associated with heterogeneity assessed by meta-regression analysis.
| Associating factors | SH repetition, slope (P) |
Suicide following self-harm, slope (P) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted model (Ref: crude model) | Long-term follow-up (Ref: short-term follow-up) | Sample size (ln) | SA as the definition of SH (Ref: SH/SP/SC) | Adjusted model (Ref: crude model) | Long-term follow-up (Ref: short-term follow-up) | Sample size (ln) | SA as the definition of SH (Ref: SH/SP/SC) | |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||
| Middle-aged (Ref. adolescent and young adults) | 0.034 (0.640) | −0.106 (0.113) | −0.074 (0.146) | 0.047 (0.585) | −0.436 (0.103) | 0.004 (0.990) | 0.317 (0.105) | −0.159 (0.622) |
| Elderly (Ref. adolescent and young adults) | −0.165 (0.565) | −0.380 (0.139) | −0.424 (0.002) | −0.302 (0.192) | −1.048 (0.011) | −0.507 (0.229) | 0.232 (0.462) | 0.342 (0.472) |
| Gender* | 0.111 (0.084) | 0.154 (0.009) | 0.066 (0.135) | 0.092 (0.148) | −0.012 (0.924) | −0.009 (0.941) | −0.050 (0.595) | −0.247 (0.004) |
| Single/divorced/ separated/widowed |
0.150 (0.122) | 0.141 (0.195) | 0.044 (0.723) | −0.094 (0.361) | −0.247 (0.179) | −0.292 (0.326) | −0.223 (0.181) | 0.135 (0.535) |
| Unemployment | −0.181 (0.337) | −0.295 (0.048) | −0.482 (0.062) | 0.127 (0.560) | −0.669 (0.192) | −0.863 (0.177) | −0.749 (0.023) | 0.669 (0.192) |
| Under high school | −0.135 (0.337) | 0.007 (0.973) | −0.213 (0.621) | −0.118 (0.365) | 0.041 (0.875) | −0.076 (0.838) | −0.033 (0.890) | 0.076 (0.838) |
| Clinical factors | ||||||||
| Physical illness | 0.207 (0.763) | 0.474 (0.496) | 0.220 (0.588) | 0.493 (0.420) | ⁎⁎⁎ | −0.579 (0.203) | 0.848 (0.516) | −0.422 (0.500) |
| Multiple episodes of SH | 0.304 (0.296) | −0.061 (0.842) | 0.500 (0.014) | −0.235 (0.411) | 0.198 (0.473) | −0.159 (0.582) | 0.041 (0.831) | −0.088 (0.817) |
| Diagnosis of psychiatric disorder | 0.076 (0.757) | 0.161 (0.543) | −0.142 (0.389) | 0.505 (0.059) | 0.408 (0.096) | 0.075 (0.778) | 0.245 (0.250) | −0.308 (0.151) |
| Mood disorder | 0.016 (0.906) | −0.028 (0.853) | 0.010 (0.894) | 0.029 (0.845) | 0.522 (0.242) | 0.249 (0.550) | 0.132 (0.739) | −0.059 (0.924) |
| Psychotic disorder | −0.345 (0.088) | −0.221 (0.381) | −0.205 (0.216) | −0.014 (0.955) | 1.001 (0.314) | −0.068 (0.944) | 0.456 (0.635) | 0.320 (0.810) |
| Substance use disorder | −0.400 (0.040) | −0.140 (0.428) | −0.261 (0.037) | 0.035 (0.840) | 0.343 (0.499) | −0.163 (0.778) | −0.045 (0.940) | ⁎⁎⁎ |
| Anxiety disorder | −0.379 (0.193) | −0.529 (0.001) | −0.352 (0.169) | 0.440 (0.057) | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ |
| Personality disorder | 0.251 (0.350) | 0.069 (0.806) | −0.174 (0.536) | 0.468 (<0.001) | 1.250 (<0.001) | −0.090 (0.926) | 0.266 (0.804) | ⁎⁎⁎ |
| Adjustment disorder | 0.760 (0.039) | −0.284 (0.716) | 0.628 (0.038) | −0.760 (0.039) | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ |
| Treatment of psychiatric disorder | 0.035 (0.838) | −0.033 (0.793) | −0.157 (0.025) | 0.245 (0.055) | 0.036 (0.886) | 0.018 (0.917) | 0.346 (0.183) | −0.089 (0.722) |
| Psychiatric clinic | −0.286 (0.136) | −0.080 (0.740) | −0.067 (0.328) | ⁎⁎⁎ | 0.219 (0.194) | −0.219 (0.194) | 0.327 (0.386) | ⁎⁎⁎ |
| Psychiatric hospitalization | ⁎⁎⁎ | −0.407 (0.025) | −0.228 (0.130) | −0.302 (0.319) | ⁎⁎⁎ | −0.207 (0.652) | 0.656 (0.109) | −0.207 (0.652) |
⁎
Male gender and female gender as the reference groups for suicide and repetition following self-harm, respectively.
⁎⁎
Meta-regression was only performed when the number of included articles was above 3 records.
⁎⁎⁎
Only one category was found in the corresponding variable.
SA: suicide attempt, SH: self-harm, SP: self-poisoning, SC: self-cutting.