Fig. 4. Associations between ACEs (prenatal to 18 years) and depression trajectories (18–23 years).

Sample: ALSPAC (N = 3931). Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals from multinomial logistic regression models across 20 imputed datasets. Model 1—adjusted for sex, ethnicity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, mother’s marital status, mother’s education, and household’s social class; Model 2—Model 1 + ACEs experienced during previous early-life periods. The associations are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level if the confidence interval does not cross 1, and those marked with an asterisk symbol (*) were no longer significant following the correction for multiple comparisons. Reference trajectory: low depressive symptoms.