Table 1.

Conditions tested in ultrasound processing for improving seed hydration and germination.

Sample	Device	Frequency	Nominal power	Amplitude	Volume	Specific power a	Time	T	Reference
		(kHz)	(W)	(%)	(L)	(W/L)	(min)	(°C)
Barley	Bath	37	154		5.7		30–480	35, 40	[36]
Barley	Bath	20				28	240		[60]
Buckwheat	Bath		300				30	29	[63]
Corn	Bath	25			4	41	180–300		[29]
oat, rye, triticale, wheat	Bath	30–40	300				15	25	[62]
paddy rice	Bath	35	<225		2		15	30	[38]
paddy rice	Bath	40	50				10–120	25–40	[28]
rice	Bath	40	150–600				10–120	4	[41]
sorghum	Bath	40				28	120		[37]
sorghum	Bath	40			2	26	30	25; 53	[42]
wheat	Bath	45	160		8		5–20		[58]
wheat	Bath	40	100				5–60	25	[59]
wheat	Bath	25; 40	360–480		10			30–70	[43]
barley	Probe	20	750–1500		1	51.1; 84.7	30–270	10–25	[45]
barley	Probe	20	460	20–60	0.08		5–15	30	[55]
rice	Probe	25	2000		125		5	23; 24	[54]
sorghum	Probe	20	750	40; 60	0.5		5; 10	35	[61]
wheat	Probe	20	500–1500		1	61.5; 83.6; 102.4		15–25	[11]
wheat	Probe	22	227 W/L				3		[65]
rice	transducer box x2	25	16 W/L		152		5	23–24	[64]
rice		28	400				5–30		[30]

^aDetermined by the calorimetric method.