Fig. 3.

Disruption of mitochondrial or cytoplasmic thioredoxin systems increases levels of reactive oxygen species. ROS levels were measured by staining whole worms with dihydroethidium (DHE) at day 1 of adulthood and quantifying the resulting fluorescence. In wild-type worms (A), nuo-6 mutants (B) and isp-1 mutants (C), disruption of mitochondrial or cytoplasmic thioredoxin system genes, including trx-2, trxr-2, trx-1 and trxr-1, all resulted in significantly increased levels of ROS. Disruption of trxr-2 and trx-1 resulted in the greatest increase in ROS levels in all three genotypes. Representative images can be found in Fig. S4. Statistical significance was assessed using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test. Error bars indicate SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.