Disruption of mitochondrial thioredoxin system increases sensitivity to osmotic stress in long-lived mitochondrial mutants. Resistance to osmotic stress was quantified on plates containing either 450 mM NaCl (A) or 500 mM NaCl (B). In wild-type worms, disruption of trx-1 decreased resistance to osmotic stress. In nuo-6 worms, disruption of trxr-2 or trx-1 significantly decreased resistance to osmotic stress. In isp-1 worms, disruption of trx-2, trxr-2 or trx-1 significantly decreased resistance to osmotic stress. Statistical significance was assessed using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test. Stars indicate significance of difference from the corresponding control strain (white bar; WT, nuo-6 or isp-1). Five biological replicates were performed. Error bars indicate SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Raw data for this figure can be found in Table S1.