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. 2022 May 23;13:2862. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30405-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — a Dendritic morphology of a physiologically identified starburst cell (OGB + Alexa 468 fill; arrowhead indicates hairpin loop in a dendrite (see also g). b NIRBing (see Methods) was used to burn fiducial marks in the optic fiber layer around the starburst cell (teal dot). c Starburst synaptic output from peripheral dendrite (teal fill; red arrowhead) to ganglion cell dendrite. d, e Bipolar cell (tan fill) ribbon synaptic input to short spines (teal fill, red arrowhead) arising from main dendrites. f, Inhibitory synaptic input to a proximal starburst dendrite (teal fill; red arrowhead; scale applies to c–e). g Inhibitory synaptic inputs (yellow balls) and bipolar-cell ribbon excitatory synaptic inputs (red balls) to a portion of the starburst dendritic tree (arrowhead indicates dendritic hairpin shown in a). The axon terminals of two presynaptic bipolar cells are shown (gold fills); one of these terminals is enlarged and rotated (dotted lines) with ribbon synapses indicated by red balls within the axon terminal. Inset shows how a starburst spine receives a single ribbon synapse from this axon terminal. h Two distinct bipolar-cell types synapse with the starburst tree; smaller axon terminals (gold) are midget bipolar cells and larger blue terminals are identified as diffuse bipolar type 4/5 (DB4/5) (see Fig. 10). i Zoomed view of all bipolar synaptic contacts on a portion (light yellow boxed area in h) of the dendritic tree. j Left, locations of all midgets (gold balls) and DB4/5 synapses (blue balls) on the starburst tree. Histogram plots distance of bipolar-cell axon terminal from the starburst cell body (midget bipolar, n = 25, mean ± s.d. distance from starburst soma = 34.5 ± 23.6 µm, DB4/5, n = 23, mean ± s.d. distance from starburst soma = 54.3 ± 19.6 µm; these mean spatial distributions differ significantly, unpaired t-test: t(46) = −3.1433, *p = 0.0029, Cohen’s d = 0.91). k Distribution of bipolar inputs based on anatomical data (gold – midget bipolars; blue – DB4/5 bipolars) used in a starburst cell model (see “Methods”) in which the cell received only excitatory input from simulated bipolar cells (5–15 pS/synapse; n = 70). l Distal dendritic calcium responses in the model showing robust directional difference to radial motion (see “Methods”).