Table 1.

Some nutritional recommendation to COVID patients hospitalized in ICUs.

Nutrients	Nutritional recommendation
	Brugliera et al., 2020	Azzolino, Passarelli, D’Addona, & Cesari (2021)	Pironi et al. (2021)	Martindale et al. (2020)
Energy	27–30 kcal\kg\day	27–30 Kcal/Kg of BW/day	660 Kcal/day	− 15–20 kcal/kg BW/day − 11–14 kcal/kg BW/day (patients with BMI of 30–50) − 22–25 kcal/kg BW/day (patients with BMI > 50)
Protein	up to 1.5 g\kg\day	− 1.0 g/Kg of BW/day − 1.2–1.5 g/Kg of BW/day (in the case of acute or chronic diseases) - Up to 2.0 g/Kg of BW/day (highly catabolic conditions)	− 20.0 g/day (oral nutrition) − 23–61 g/day (enteral nutrition) − 49–75 g/day (parenteral nutrition)	− 1.2–2 g/kg ABW/day (initial low dose) − 2–2.5 g/kg (ideal body weight) − 2–2.5 g/kg BW/day (critically ill patients undergoing renal replacement therapy)
Essential aminoacids		10–15 g with at least 3 g of leucine	–	–
Lipid:Carbohydrate ratio	30:70 to 50:50	–	–	–
Vitamins and minerals	–	According to daily allowances	–	–
Water	Adequate hydration	–	–	–

ICU: Intensive Care Unit; BW: Body weight.